Process requirements equipment location

Though the type of processing required is largely dependent upon fluid composition at the wellhead, the equipment employed is significantly influenced by location whether for example the facilities are based on land or offshore, in tropical or arctic environments. Sometimes conditions are such that a process which is difficult or expensive to perform offshore can be exported to the coast and handled much more easily on land. 

Hydrants and monitors should be spaced so that they can be safely utilized during a fire such that the total firefighting and equipment cooling water requirements for each fire area can be delivered. Hydrants are generally spaced a maximum of 200 ft (60 m) apart in process areas. Greater spacing is allowable in tank farms [up to 300 ft (91 m)] and low hazard areas, such as utility blocks. Hydrants and monitors should be located a minimum of 50 ft (15 m) from any equipment to be protected. 

Climate. If the plant is located in a cold climate, costs may be increased by the necessity for construction of protective shelters around the process equipment, and special cooling towers or air-conditioning equipment may be required if the prevailing temperatures are high. Excessive humidity or extremes of hot or cold weather can have a serious effect on the economic operation of a plant, and these factors should be examined when selecting a plant site. 

Many equipment groupings can be used for economical plot arrangements. Two obvious groupings are furnaces and reactors. Small furnaces, however, are often placed in several locations as required by the process flow. For safety and economy, these furnaces should be located at the outer limits of the process unit. 

In the previous chapter we have seen how an economic appraisal of a chcsniical process has been made. This was termed a preconstruction economic analysis at the process development level. The cost and profit figures were pre.sented to management with fairly reliable costs on equipment and building requirements. An estimate on site development costs vas included with no specific reference to the exact geographical location of the chemical plant. 

High price equipment Lack of reproducibility Difficult quantitive signal interpretation Image processing required for image enhancement Efficiency is function of material type, defect size and location... 

As previously discussed, one of the determinant factors for the right selection of size reduction equipment is consideration of the hardness of the material to be processed. The second factor of great relevance is the required capacity, either fixed or subjected to variations by process requirements. Taking these two main considerations along with a thorough analysis of as many other factors as necessary, flowcharts can be devised to select and locate the most suitable comminution units for a size reduction plant. The combination of different criteria may be summarized in charts, like the one given in Table 4.3, which includes some typical applications of the principal size reduction equipment. 

The local Joint Health and Safety Committee may he required to travel to vendors, plants, or other locations to participate in a Design Review of such equipment or processes as outlined in the Design for Health and Safety Specification. Machinery, equipment or processes wiU not he released for production without the written approval of the Plant Safety Administrator. 

From ISA technical reports, one gets an alarm is an audible andjor visible means of indication - to the operator about equipment malfunction, process deviation, or abnormal condition, requiring a response. As per Annex F of lEC 61511-3 2003, an alarm is an independent protection layer. In this connection, F14.6 of lEC 61511-3 2003 may be referred to the alarm can be counted as a protection layer since it is located in a... 

Process units, buildings, and groups of off-site areas (e.g., tank farms) are serviced by auxiliary roads for maintenance and fire fighting. Equipment location must facilitate in-place maintenance by mobile equipment. Process equipment must be enclosed in shelters only when required by extreme climatic conditions or client preferences. 

After acquiring this background information, the next step is to check out each component in the control loop. In particular, one should determine that the process, measurement device (sensor), and control valve are all in proper working condition. Typically, sensors and control valves that are located in the field require more maintenance than control equipment located in the central control room. Any recent change to the equipment or instrumentation could very well be the source of the... 

Nitrogen is preferred for controlled atmosphere soldering [46,47]. It is the least expensive gas to produce. Nevertheless, the use of a N2 atmosphere extols a significant cost penalty on the assembly process. Specially equipped furnaces are required to support a N2 reflow environment. Additional plant costs are incurred for providing the N2 supply as well as to transport N2 gas to the furnace location. Residual O2 levels less than 100 to 200 parts per million (ppm) and, preferably, in the range of 20 to 50 ppm, can significantly reduce Pb-Sn solder defects that occur during assembly. 

Having defined and gathered data adequate for an initial reserves estimation, the next step is to look at the various options to develop the field. The objective of the feasibility study is to document various technical options, of which at least one should be economically viable. The study will contain the subsurface development options, the process design, equipment sizes, the proposed locations (e.g. offshore platforms), and the crude evacuation and export system. The cases considered will be accompanied by a cost estimate and planning schedule. Such a document gives a complete overview of all the requirements, opportunities, risks and constraints. 

Health and Safety. Petroleum and oxygenate formulas are either flammable or combustible. Flammables must be used in facUities that meet requirements for ha2ardous locations. Soak tanks and other equipment used in the removing process must meet Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for use with flammable Hquids. Adequate ventilation that meets the exposure level for the major ingredient must be attained. The work environment can be monitored by active air sampling and analysis of charcoal tubes. 

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