Equine sources

As would be expected from the interruption of acetylcholine neuromuscular transmission, electrophysiological studies show smaller than normal motor unit potentials in the victim s muscles. The only specific treatment available is passive immunization with an antitoxin. This will not reverse the paralysis but can help to stabilize the decline. The antitoxin available is from an equine source and thus there can be complications for the patient such as anaphylaxis. The main therapy is supportive care - often involving maintenance of ventilation - over the longer term until normal functions recover. 

A. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis) resulting from the equine source of antibodies. 

Heimer, R., Van Andel, A., Wormser, G. P., and Wilson, M. L. (1997) Propagation of granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. from human and equine sources in HL-60 cells induced to differentiate into functional granulocytes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35,923-927. 

Given the diversity of potential tissue sources, it may come as a surprise that the number of source tissues used in current soft tissue repair products is quite limited. The vast majority of products in the maricetplace are manufactured using demtis, the innermost layers of the skin, or pericardium, the thin fibrous sac surrounding the heart other sources include porcine small intestinal submucosa and human fascia lata. The number of species from which tissues are harvested is also limited. Dennis is obtained predominately from hnman, porcine, and bovine somces. Pericardium is conunonly from bovine, porcine, and equine sources. Recently, a new product has been approved in the United States and the European Union for use in wounds that is made from fish dermis" and another made from decellularized porcine liver (MiroMesh, MhoMatrix, Inc.) has been approved for use in soft tissue repair. 

Species origin tests, used to determine whether the specimen is human or from another source, are immunological in nature. Host animals, usually rabbits, are injected with protein from another species. The animal creates antibodies to the unknown material. Semm from the host animal, containing species (human, bovine, equine, canine, etc) specific antibodies, is tested against a dilute solution of blood (antigens) collected as evidence. A positive reaction is determined by a visible band where the antibodies and antigens come into contact. 

Lo gK values for Ca2+-protein complexes do not seem to vary greatly according to source. Thus the Ca2+ complex of pigeon lysozyme is ten times more stable than that of equine lysozyme,... 

Immune sera are sterile solutions containing antibody derived from human (immune globulin [IG]) or equine (antitoxin) sources. 

The minimum amount of analyte required for analysis depends strongly (as always) on the nature of the substance and on the properties of the ion source. Less than 100 zeptomole of tryptic peptides from bovine semm albumin has been detected by coupling nanoflow LC to an ESI source [264] and 0.4 nM of equine cytochrome c by employing an RF-field focusing funnel to improve transmission [265]. 

Moore-Colyer, M.J.S., Hyslop, J.J., Longland, A.C. and Cuddeford, D. (1997a) Degradation of four dietary fibre sources by ponies as measured by the mobile bag technique. In Proceedings of the 15 Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium. Fort Worth, Texas, pp. 118-119. 

One of the most prolific natural sources of estrogenic substances is the stallion, which liberates more of these hormones than the pregnant mare or pregnant woman. The equine estrogens—equilenin and equilin—and their congeners are unsaturated in the as well as the A ring and are excreted in large quantities in urine, from which they can be recovered and used for medicinal purposes. 

Lysozyme was isolated from human milk in 1961 by Jolles and Jolles, who believed that bovine milk was devoid of lysozyme. Milks of many species have since been shown to contain lysozyme and several have been isolated and characterized. Human and equine milks are an exceptionally rich source, containing 130 mg 1 1 (3000 times the level of bovine milk) and about 800 mg l-1, respectively (see Farkye, 1992). 

As discussed in section 8.2.5, lysozyme has been isolated from the milk of a number of species human and equine milks are especially rich sources. In view of its antibacterial activity, the large difference in the lysozyme content of human and bovine milks may have significance in infant nutrition. It is claimed that supplementation of baby food formulae based on cows milk with egg-white lysozyme gives beneficial results, especially with premature babies, but views on this are not unanimous. 

Augustinsson (A25) studied the cholinesterase activities of the plasmas of many vertebrate species. Subsequent workers have confirmed that the highest activity of the enzyme is found in equine and human plasma or serum. These sources have been used consequently by most workers as starting materials for the purification of cholinesterase. Outdated plasma from national blood banks is valuable for large-scale preparations of the human enzyme. 

Duggan J M, Coates D M, Ulaeto D O (2001). Isolation of single-chain antibody fragments against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus from two different immune sources. Viral Immunol. 14 263-273. 

Franck PT, Johnson KM. An outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Central America Evidence for exogenous source of a virulent virus subtype. Am J Epidemiol. 1971 94 487. 

Weaver SC, Bellew LA, Rico-Hesse R. Phylogenetic analysis of alphaviruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex and identification of the source of epizootic viruses. Virology. 1992 191 282-290. 

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