Evaluation epidemiological

Flegal, K.M., Evaluating epidemiologic evidence of the effects of food and nutrient exposures, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69, 1339S, 1999. 

An introduction to the terms and tools used to express and evaluate epidemiological data are presented here. One might consult Appendix C for definitions of various terms in epidemiology. 

Determining whether an observed association (risk) is causal rather than spurious involves consideration of a number of factors. Sir Bradford Hill (Hill 1965) developed a set of guidelines for evaluating epidemiologic associations that can be used in conjunction with the discussion of causality. ... 

Valles, J., Leon, C., and Alvarez-Lerma, F., Nosocomial bacteremia in critically ill patients A multicenter smdy evaluating epidemiology and prognosis, Clin. Infect. Dis. 1997 24(3) 387-395. 

Benzyl chloride also induced in vitro cellular transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cultures and DNA alkylation in several organs of the male mouse following iv adrninistration. In summary, lARC states there is limited evidence that benzyl chloride is carcinogenic in experimental animals epidemiological data was inadequate to evaluate carcinogenicity to humans (67). 

S Greenland. Probability logic and probability induction. Epidemiology 9 322-332, 1998. GM Petersen, G Parmigiam, D Thomas. Missense mutations in disease genes A Bayesian approach to evaluate causality. Am J Hum Genet. 62 1516-1524, 1998. 

Discuss the problem caused by cigarette smoking in the evaluation of epidemiological data on the effect of air pollution on respiratory disease. 

Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance. Each profile reflects a comprehensive and extensive evaluation, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic and epidemiologic information on a substance. Health care providers treating patients potentially exposed to hazardous substances will find the following information helpful for fast answers to often-asked questions. 

The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of methyl parathion. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. 

This chapter provides a health effects summary based on evaluations of existing toxicologic, epidemiologic, and toxicokinetic information. This summary is designed to present interpretive, weight-of-evidence discussions for human health end points by addressing the following questions. 

Lacy CR, Suh DC, Bueno M, Kostis JB. Delay in presentation and evaluation for acute stroke Stroke Time Registry for Outcomes Knowledge and Epidemiology (S.T.R.O.K.E.). Stroke 2001 32 63-69. 

A) The examination, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic information and epidemiologic evaluations on a hazardous substance to ascertain the levels of significant human exposure for the substance and the associated acute, subacute, and chronic health effects ... 

Baker EL, Letz R, Fidler AT, et al. 1985. A computer-based neurobehavioral evaluation system for occupational and environmental epidemiology Methodology and validation studies. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7 369-377. 

In most studies, phytoestrogen intake has been estimated by direct methods that evaluate food intake either by recall (food-frequency questionnaires -FFQs) or by record (food diary), and subsequently by composition databases based on information of this kind. Food-frequency questionnaires are widely administered to subjects involved in epidemiological studies. Their validity and reproducibility is considered sufficient when statistically correlated to data obtained from dietary records (a properly-completed and comprehensive food diary) and from analysis of blood and urine samples (Kirk et ah, 1999 Huang et al, 2000 Yamamoto et al, 2001 Verkasalo et al, 2001). FFQs can be repeated several times a year and may be administered to large populations. Such an approach provides an easy and low-cost method of assessing the... 

WILD 0 p ANDERSSON 0, o brien n m, WILSON L and WOODS J A (2001) A critical evaluation of the application of biomarkers in epidemiological studies on diet and health. Br JNutr 86 (Suppl 1) S37-S53. 

Elevated homocysteine concentrations have been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease in both epidemiologic and clinical studies.43 Several studies have evaluated the benefit of lowering homocysteine levels with folic acid supplementation. One study reported a reduction in major cardiac events with the combination of folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 following PCI.44 However, a more recent study found an increased risk of instent restenosis and the need for target-vessel revascularization with folate supplementation following coronary stent placement.45 The role of folate in the management of IHD is currently unclear. 

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