Bradford-Hill

Perhaps the first modern analytical studies were those reported in the 1950s on the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Richard Doll (he appears again ) and Bradford Hill, of England, were the authors of cohort studies of smokers, and Ernst Wynder and Evarts Graham, of the United States, undertook and reported case-control studies of lung cancer cases. The Doll-Hill studies are, in their... 

The best break we have had with cancer has come from epidemiology. Concerned with rising British mortality from lung cancer, the Medical Research Council, in 1947, commissioned Austin Bradford Hill (1897-1991) and Richard Doll (1912-) to analyse the possible causes. Their meticulous statistical survey (published in 1951) of patients from twenty London hospitals showed that smoking is a factor, and an important factor, in the production of cancer of the lung. ... 

Once a decision has been made to develop a compound further following the extensive pre-clinical pharmacological and toxicological studies, approval for the first clinical studies must be sought from the regulatory authority (Medicines Board in Europe or the Food and Drug Administration in the USA). A clinical trial of a new drug is, in the words of Bradford Hill (in his Principles of Medical Statistics) ... 

Bradford Hill, A. 1965. The environment and diseases association or causation Proc. R. Soc. Med. 58 295-300. BUA. 2007. The Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance (BUA) website http /www.gdch.de/taetigkeiten/bua e.htm... 

Although many examples of clinical investigation can be found throughout the history of medicine, the RCT emerged in the mid-20th century as the most powerful and scientifically sound way to establish the efficacy and safety of medicines. In 1948, Austin Bradford Hill used the statistical method of randomization with concealment of the allocation code to reduce biases related to selection and analysis of patients... 

A Bradford Hill. Principles of Medical Statistics. 9th ed. London The Lancet, 1971. 

Often it isn t possible to satisfy all the criteria in a study of human populations exposed to chemicals, but other criteria or guidehnes have been proposed, for example those set out by Bradford Hill in his article The environment and disease association or causation , pubhshed in 1966 ... 

Bradford Hill A1977 Principles of medical statistics. 

Legator MS, Morris DL. What did Sir Bradford Hill really say Arch Environ Health 2003 58 718-720. 

Although the term mode of action appears sometimes in the context of noncancer effects, it finds particular use in the context of cancer risk assessment, where mode of action forms the basis for (1) determining whether tumors observed in animals are relevant to humans, and (2) determining the approach for quantitative cancer risk assessment. IPCS has developed a conceptual framework for evaluation mode of action for chemical carcinogenesis, based partly on a modification of the Bradford-Hill criteria for causality. A similar approach is used by the US EPA. Under this framework, each mode of action is analyzed separately, noting that multiple modes of action may contribute to the development of a given tumor type, and that a single chemical may cause tumors in different tissues by different modes of action. This framework includes ... 

Silverman, W A., and I. Chalmers. Sir Austin Bradford Hill An Appreciation. Controlled Clinical Trials 13 (1992) 100-105. 

Determining whether an observed association (risk) is causal rather than spurious involves consideration of a number of factors. Sir Bradford Hill (Hill 1965) developed a set of guidelines for evaluating epidemiologic associations that can be used in conjunction with the discussion of causality. ... 

In 1965, Sir Austin Bradford Hill expanded on these criteia in his Environment and Disease Association or Causation (Hill 1965). The article has been widely cited in journal articles, by health risk assessors, and by health risk assessment gnid-ance including that of EPA (2005) and WHO (1999). In his article. Hill described what he referred to as aspects of an association between an environmental exposure and disease that should be considered before detemining that the environmental exposure is causally associated with the disease. These aspects have commonly been referred to as criteria in the Uterature, although Hill nevCT referred to them as such. The aspects that Hill described are ... 

Hill and Trecwn were completed, A third small working, Bethel Quarry in Bradford-on-Avon, was requisitioned from the Agaric Mushroom Company at the same time to supplement the unsatisfactory and widely dispersed surface warehouses in Bath used to store electronic and optical components. 

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