Environmental effects monitoring

Smit, M.G.D., Van Dalfsen, J.A., Karman, C.C. (2005). Linking the different worlds of environmental risk assessment and environmental effect monitoring. In Armsworthy, S.L., Cranford, PJ. and Lee, K., Offshore Oil and Gas Environmental Effects Monitoring Approaches and Technologies. Battelle Press. 

Scroggins, R.P., Miller, J.A., Borgmann, A.I. and Sprague, J.B. (2002b) Sublethal toxicity findings by the pulp and paper industry for cycles 1 and 2 of the environmental effects monitoring program, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 37 (1), 21-48. 

The use of laboratory toxicity tests to monitor industrial effluent discharges has become a common approach to estimating the potential for environmental effects in North America and Europe. Numerous schemes have been developed to characterize and assess potential toxic effects in aquatic receiving environments. The first regulatory application of Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) in Canada was within the 1992 Pulp and Paper Liquid Effluent Regulations, promulgated under the Fisheries Act. A second application of EEM in Canada was within the 2002 Metal... 

This chapter presents two Hazard Assessment Schemes that have been recently used to assess the relationship between laboratory sublethal toxicity data and field measurements of the Canadian pulp and paper Environmental Effects Monitoring program. The two methods are 1) the estimation of Zone of Potential Effect (ZPE) and 2) the Lab-to-Field Rating Scheme (LTF). The application of these schemes illustrates how to estimate the potential for effects in the receiving water environment (third use above). 

Borgmann, A., Michajluk, S. and Humphrey, S. (1999) Environmental effects monitoring at 22 pulp and paper mills in Ontario Cycle 2 interim report - Summary of summer 1997 and winter 1998 EEM effluent toxicity results, Environmental Protection Branch - Ontario Region, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, 7 pp. Available at http //www.on.ec.gc.ca/eem/intro-e.html... 

Borgmann, A., Moody, M. and Scroggins, R. (2004) The Lab-to-Field (LTF) Rating Scheme A New Method of Investigating the Relationships between Laboratory Sublethal Toxicity Tests and Field Measurements in Environmental Effects Monitoring Studies, Journal of Human and Environmental Risk Assessment, August 2004. 

EC (Environment Canada) (2000) Pulp and paper technical guidance for aquatic environmental effects monitoring, EEM/2000/2, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON. 

EC (Environment Canada) (2001) Metal Mining Guidance Document for Aquatic Environmental Effects Monitoring, Environment Canada Report EEM/2001/1. 

ESG (Ecological Services Group) (2000) Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Cycle 2 Final Report for Provincial Papers Inc., ESG International Inc., Guelph, Ontario. 

Moody, M. (2002) Assessment of relationship between laboratory sublethal toxicity and field measurements through the review of Ontario Region Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) studies, Environment Branch, Saskatchewan Research Council, SRC Publication No. 11415-1E01/172. 

Parker, W.R. and Smith, N. (1999) A Synopsis of the first cycle of the pulp and paper mill Environmental Effects Monitoring program in the Atlantic Region, Environment Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Surveillance Report EPS-5-AR-99-3/51. Available at http //www.ec.gc.ca/eem/fiiglish/default.cfin Rickwood, C.J., Dub , M., Hewitt, M., MacLatchy, D.L. and Parrott, J.L. (2003) Assessing effects of pulp and paper mill effluent using a fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) bioassay. Poster presentation at the 30th Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Ottawa, Ontario. 

Martel, P., Kovacs, T., Voss, R. and Megraw, S. (2003) Evaluation of caged freshwater mussels as an alternative method for environmental effects monitoring (EEM) studies. Environ. 

Langlois, C. and Dubuc, N. (1999) Pulp and Paper Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM). Results Synthesis for the 47 Cycle 1 Studies Conducted in Quebec. Environmental Canada, Montreal, Canada. 

A widely used instmment for air monitoring is a type of ionization chamber called a Kaimn chamber. Surface contamination is normally detected by means of smears, which are simply disks of filter paper wiped over the suspected surface and counted in a windowless proportional-flow counter. Uptake of tritium by personnel is most effectively monitored by urinalyses normally made by Hquid scintillation counting on a routine or special basis. Environmental monitoring includes surveillance for tritium content of samples of air, rainwater, river water, and milk. 

Under the conditions of increasing antropogenic environmental pollution monitoring of toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Al, Mo, Cr, Bi) is a very actually. The big number and difficult of analyzes which necessary for solving this problem need new express and effective methods. 

An exposure and risk assessment will usually integrate a number of different inputs, including health and environmental effects evaluations as well as pollutant profiles for environmental releases, ambient monitoring data, and environmental fate... 

The continuous determination of compounds, which may adversely affect ecosystems and/or human health, is a major regulative and legislative goal of environmental protection nowadays. Considering the costs and efforts related to this task corroborates a clear demand for portable, real-time, in-situ, field applicable and cost-effective monitoring techniques. Due to their inherent properties, vibrational spectroscopic sensors, in particular fibre-optic sensors show a high potential to contribute to these applications. 

Creep behaviour is a commonly used and very important measure of the effect of mechanical stress on plastics, but it is less used as a means of monitoring degradation due to environmental agents. At shorter times, the measured creep is predominantly due to physical effects and it is only at longer times that environmental effects will be apparent. It can be noted that creep tests use the same test piece at successive time intervals which is advantageous from the point of view of reproducibility. 

In September 2010, the European Parliament adopted amendments to the pharmacovigilance legislation (Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation EC No 726/ 2004 [12, 18]) in order to broaden its concept to environmental concerns. The concept paper was under public consultation, until 7 November 2011, to consider measures to monitor and evaluate the risk of environmental effects of medicinal products [19]. 

But even a small-scale trial-and-error strategy has to be organised within society. As discussed in the previous section, iimovations are rather improbable and disadvantaged by stractural frameworks. Iimovations depend upon freedom for them to be developed. At the same time safety barriers have to be formulated within which the search process can move freely. For example, possible environmental effects must be anticipated, necessitating controlled release in small increments and retrievability must be ensured. (Quantitative and qualitative restrictions must be imposed so that retrieval and repair options can still be effective if a trial is aborted. This approach is more successful if the persistence and spatial range of a chemical is low than for persistent chemicals like CFCs and PCBs. This requires that limited Teaming spaces or experimentation spaces have to be created intentionally under technical and economic risk considerations. Small increments and a steady increase are to be preferred, accompanied by intensive monitoring of detectable consequences. 

Assessment of environmental and health hazards from chemicals reqnires a multidisciplinary approach. One needs to consider chemical economics, production, usage, and so on environmental release monitoring data environmental behavior health and environmental effects. Often events concerning environmental and health hazards can be predicted based on strnctnre and activity relationships and physical-chemical characteristics. The first volnme of their publication has made available current information in several important areas of chemical hazard assessment (Saxena and Fisher, 1981 Saxena, 1983 Saxena, 1984). 

A few studies to monitor our environment with ESR are included in this section. The ESR dating of marine terraces using shells and corals determined the age of the high sea levels and the tectonic uplift of islands.1 The variation of S03 indicated global environmental effect of volcanic eruption.1 ESR spectra of frozen rains, snow and frost as well as ground and river water indicated some... 

This chapter will explain how polyurethanes can play important roles in achieving acceptable equilibrium. Before we begin that discussion, we should discuss our most visible environmental problem — treatment of human waste. In the previous section, we covered the establishment of the equilibrium of SOCs, VOCs, and lOCs. The environmental effects of our daily existence resulting from personal hygiene and personal waste control are of immediate concern. Arguably, the types of pollution mentioned in the previous paragraphs warrant continuous monitoring. Human sanitary waste disposal requires continuous action. 

STRATEGIES FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS... 

Objective and scope of Hazard Assessment Schemes for monitoring environmental effects... 

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