Space Team

Safe work in a confined space requires teamwork. The confined space entry team is made up of the entry supervisor, the attendant, the entrant, and the rescue team. 

An entry supervisor is responsible to coordinate all activities related to the CS before issuing a CSE permit. They plan the entry and develop rescue plans. They check the LEL or toxic components of the confined space and the list of all LOTO items and signatures. They also assign the hole watch and entry workers. The entry supervisor has the authority to withhold issuing a permit if unsafe conditions have been detected. Since no permit remains valid beyond the duration of a shift, they have the responsibility to initiate work stoppage as the permit nears its duration. 

Confined space training is required for authorized entrants. They must be thoroughly familiar with the space and its hazards, and they should be able to detect warning signs of over-exposure. They should be physically fit to be able to get out of the vessel on their own. This may sound contradictory to the main idea about the buddy system and rescue services. But, if you think about it, the idea is that a physically able person is less likely to get trapped in the CS than a physically challenged person. 

The attendant (also called buddy and hole watch) has the primary responsibility of monitoring the safety of the persons working in the CS. They review the permit before any 

Rescue services may be provided by outside contractors specializing in that specific work. Generally, plant rescue personnel or outside contractors are selected in advance and are made aware of the hazards of the CS. They should be given all the pertinent information location, name of the vessel, permit procedures, list of hazardous chemicals, MSDS, etc. In many instances, companies decide to provide their own in-house rescue services. These employees will have received extensive training in CS rescues. 

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An astronaut team has, as one of its assigned experiments, the measurement of contact angles for several systems (to test the possibility that these may be different in gravity-free space). Discuss some methods that would be appropriate and some that would not be appropriate to use. 

Specialty duties are assigned to teams formed for specific tasks or responding to unusual circumstances (e.g., waste characterization, confined-space rescue, asbestos, lead abatement, etc.). These teams are formed, as necessary, on a permanent or temporary basis. In many cases, special training, drills and exercises, and development of safe work plans are needed to prepare team members to conduct work safely and effectively. 

Similarly, the Site B contractor s SSAHP provided corporate policy and procedures for permit-required confined space entry but lacked the site-specific detail necessary to describe the application of the corporate policy to procedures at the site. For example, the SSAHP did not identify specific components of the thermal treatment unit that presented confined space hazards, nor did it describe the specific circumstances or procedures that would require employee entry into these areas. In addition, the plan stated that the contractor would maintain an onsite employee confined space rescue team, but did not identify the members of this team. The SSAHP for Site F also contained a generic confined space entry program but did not identify the specific location of confined space hazards present at the site. 

Contractors at Sites E, H, and J had documented confined space programs but had not fully implemented these programs. The Site H contractor had established a permit-required confined space entry program consistent with HAZWOPER requirements however, onsite procedures were not completely consistent with the written program or OSHA requirements. For example, the confined space permit form used at Site H was not the form included in the written program. The audit team also found evidence that employee training was insufficient for safe... 

On the fifth day, the emergency team began to pump liquid nitrogen into the space under the reactor, in part to cool the debris, but also to put out the fire with its inert atmosphere. 

Depending on the nature of the work you may require space models, prototypes, process capability studies, or samples of work as evidence of their capability. You may also make a preliminary visit to each potential bidder but would not send out an evaluation team until the qualification stage. 

Serious research in catalytic reduction of automotive exhaust was begun in 1949 by Eugene Houdry, who developed mufflers for fork lift trucks used in confined spaces such as mines and warehouses (18). One of the supports used was the monolith—porcelain rods covered with films of alumina, on which platinum was deposited. California enacted laws in 1959 and 1960 on air quality and motor vehicle emission standards, which would be operative when at least two devices were developed that could meet the requirements. This gave the impetus for a greater effort in automotive catalysis research (19). Catalyst developments and fleet tests involved the partnership of catalyst manufacturers and muffler manufacturers. Three of these teams were certified by the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board in 1964-65 American Cyanamid and Walker, W. R. Grace and Norris-Thermador, and Universal Oil Products and Arvin. At the same time, Detroit announced that engine modifications by lean carburation and secondary air injection enabled them to meet the California standard without the use of catalysts. This then delayed the use of catalysts in automobiles. 

The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. Student Space Awareness — National Web Team, University of Arizona Chapter of Students for the Exploration and Development of Space, http //seds.lpl.arizona.edu/ssa/docs/Space.Shuttle/srb.shtml... 

Studier MH, Hayatsu R, Anders E (1972) Geochim Cosmochim Acta 36 189 Sullivan R, Moore J, Thomas P, Greeley R, Homan K, Klemaszewski J, Chapman CR, Tufts R, Head JW, Pappalardo R, Galileo Imaging Team (1998) Nature 391 371 Suzor-Weiner A, Schneider IF (2001) Nature 412 871 Tielens AGGM, Chamley SB (1997) Orig Life Evol Biosphere 27 23 Tokano T, Neubauer FM, Laube M, Me Kay CP (1999) Planetary and Space Science 47 493... 

In 1994 and 1995, H-Power (Belleville, New Jersey) headed a team that built three PAFC/battery hybrid transit buses (24,25). These 9 meter (30 foot), 25 seat (with space for two wheel chairs) buses used a 50 kW fuel cell and a 100 kW, 180 amp-hour nickel cadmium battery. 

We had made it easy for the volunteers by providing for all their basic needs, and scheduling their tasks in an orderly manner within a clearly demarcated life space. It was clear that greater realism would have shown even more plainly how completely disabled a similar team would be in an actual combat environment. In a more realistic situation, stimulus overload would undoubtedly cripple their capacity to function. 

But even a small-scale trial-and-error strategy has to be organised within society. As discussed in the previous section, iimovations are rather improbable and disadvantaged by stractural frameworks. Iimovations depend upon freedom for them to be developed. At the same time safety barriers have to be formulated within which the search process can move freely. For example, possible environmental effects must be anticipated, necessitating controlled release in small increments and retrievability must be ensured. (Quantitative and qualitative restrictions must be imposed so that retrieval and repair options can still be effective if a trial is aborted. This approach is more successful if the persistence and spatial range of a chemical is low than for persistent chemicals like CFCs and PCBs. This requires that limited Teaming spaces or experimentation spaces have to be created intentionally under technical and economic risk considerations. Small increments and a steady increase are to be preferred, accompanied by intensive monitoring of detectable consequences. 

Inhalation is the predominant route of exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene for the general population. According to data from the TEAM study, 1,4-dichlorobenzene was found in 44-100% of air and breath samples from several U S. locations, and indoor air levels were up to 25 times higher than ambient outdoor levels for dichlorobenzene (1,3- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene) (Wallace et al. 1986b). The EPA has estimated that adult exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene is about 35 g/day, based on a mean ambient air concentration of 1.6 g/m (0.27 ppb) (EPA 1985a). Inhalation exposure may be considerably higher indoors where 1,4-dichlorobenzene space deodorants or moth repellents are used. 

The picture in the previous slide is a scientific space ship. Another scientific spaceship, the Mars Climate Orbiter, was completely destroyed on September 1999. The reason for this disaster was that two different NASA teams were using different systems of units. Somewhere in the conversion a mistake was made that caused the loss of the spacecraft. This probably would have been avoided if the same system of units had been used. 

The clinical trial monitor is a temporary member of the site team. A good monitor will conduct scheduled visits, and the investigator and the site staff should provide sufficient time to answer questions and correct data in the CRF that has been transferred incorrectly from source documents. Common errors are omitting negative answers and signatures. The monitor will need space to work and should be provided with requested documentation, including medical records, for review. 

Rutherford s team had discovered the nucleus. Atoms, he concluded, are mostly empty space - but with an incredibly dense central kernel, where virtually all the mass resides. This nucleus, about 10,000 times smaller than the width of the atom itself must be positively charged because of the way that it repels positively charged alpha particles. Surrounding it, said Rutherford, was a cloud of opposite electricity equal in amount . 

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