Environmental Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The organic reagents are used extensively for determinations series of elements by different methods of analysis. We carry out the systematical investigation of organic derivatives of hydrazine as a reagent for determinations ion of metals by photometric and extractive-photometric methods or analysis, as well as methods of atomic absorption spectrometry. Series procedure determinations ion of metals in technical and environmental objects have been developed. 

Methods. As discussed in the previous chapter, a number of approaches have been used to assess the presence of potentially toxic trace elements in water. The approaches used in this assessment include comparative media evaluation, a human health and aquatic life guidelines assessment, a mass balance evaluation, probability plots, and toxicity bioassays. Concentrations of trace elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry according to standard methods (21,22) by the Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality and the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Samanta G, Chakraborti D. 1996. Flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HG-AAS) and spectrophotometric methods for determination of lead in environmental samples. Environmental Technology 17(12) 1327-1337. 

Graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, although element-selective and highly sensitive, is currently unable to directly determine manganese at the lower end of their reported concentration ranges in open ocean waters. Techniques that have been successfully employed in recent environmental investigations have thus used a preliminary step to concentrate the analyte and separate it from the salt matrix prior to determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Klenke et al. [5] described a technique for extraction of humic and fulvic acids from stream sediments and outlined methods for their determination. By means of flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the levels of environmentally important heavy metals (cadmium, copper, chromium, cobalt, nickel and lead) in the fulvic and humic acid extracts were compared with those in the original sediment samples. The pattern distribution of the respective metals in the two cases showed very close agreement, suggesting that the combined extract of humic and fulvic acids could be used as an indicator of the level of heavy metal pollution in flowing waters. 

The measurement of very low levels of environmental pollutants is becoming increasingly important. The determination of lead, a cumulative toxin, is a good example. The current maximum allowable concentration of lead in British drinking water, before it enters the distribution network, is SO ng ml [29]. Although electrothermal atomization atomic-absorption spectrometry (AAS) can be used to measure this and lower concentrations, it is slow and requires considerable effort to ensure accurate results. Flames can provide simple and effective atom sources, but, if samples are aspirated directly, do not provide sufficient sensitivity. Thus, if a flame is to be used as the atom source, a preconcentration step is required. 

Different analytical techniques such as ICP-OES (optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source), XRF (X-ray fluorescence analysis), AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) with graphite furnace and flame GF-AAS and FAAS, NAA (neutron activation analysis) and others, are employed for the trace analysis of environmental samples. The main features of selected atomic spectrometric techniques (ICP-MS, ICP-OES and AAS) are summarized in Table 9.20.1 The detection ranges and LODs of selected analytical techniques for trace analysis on environmental samples are summarized in Figure 9.15.1... 

M. Felipe-Sotelo, A. Carlosena, J. M Andrade, E. Fernandez, P. Lopez-Mahia, S. Muniategui and D. Prada, Development of a slurry-extraction procedure for direct determination of cobalt by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in complex environmental samples. Anal. Chim. Acta, 522(2), 2004, 259-266. 

C. Moscoso-Perez, J. Moreda-Pineiro, P. Lopez-Mahia, S. Muniategui, E. Fernandez-Fernandez and D. Prada-Rodriguez, Bismuth determination in environmental samples by hydride generation-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 1(5), 2003, 633-642. 

S. A. Pergantis, W. R. Cullen and A. P. Wade, Simplex optimisation of conditions for the determination of arsenic in environmental samples by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 41(2), 1994, 205-209. 

Investigations of lead speciation in various environmental samples have relied upon gas and liquid chromatographic separations coupled to mass spectrometric and atomic absorption spectrometric detectors. The combination of atomic absorption spectrometry with gas chromatography (GC-AAS) has proved to be the most widely applied technique. Sample types have included air, surface water, air particulates, sediments, grass, and clinical materials such as blood. A review of speciation analyses of organolead compounds by GC-AAS, with emphasis on environmental materials, was published (Lobinski et al., 1994). 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Method 1632. Chemical speciation of arsenic in water and tissue by hydride generation quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Jiang, H., Y. Qin, and B. Hu. 2008. Dispersive liquid phase microextraction (DLPME) combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) for determination of trace Co and Ni in environmental water and rice samples. Talanta 74 1160-1165. 

Tseng, C.M., A. De Diego, H. Pinaly, D. Amouroux, and O.F.X. Donard. 1998. Cryofocusing coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry for rapid and simple mercury speciation in environmental matrices. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 13 755-764. 

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Acetylcholinesterase British Anti-Lewisite Carboxylesterase Central Nervous System Chemical Warfare Agent 2-chlorovinylarsonous Acid Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Environmental Protection Agency... 

Flame Spectrometry in Environmental Chemical Analysis A Practical Guide is a simple, user-friendly guide to safe flame spectrometric methods for environmental samples. It explains key processes involved in achieving accurate and reliable results in atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry and flame emission spectrometry, showing the inter-relationship of the three techniques, and their relative importance. 

M. A. H. Hafez, I. M. M. Kenawy, M. A. Akl, R. R. Lashein, Preconcentration and separation of total mercury in environmental samples using chemically modified chlor-omethylated polystyrene-PAN (ion-exchanger) and its determination by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 53 (2001), 749-760. 

The second major environmental application of FFF has been the use of an element-specific detector, usually in series with a UV detector, to provide elemental composition data along with the PSD. Graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry has been used off-line on fractions collected from the FFF run. However, the multi-element detection, low detection limits and capability to function as an online detector have made inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) the ideal detector for FFE85-86 The sample introduction system of the ICP-MS is able to efficiently transport micron-sized particles into the high-temperature plasma,... 

Detection techniques of high sensitivity, selectivity, and ease of coupling with sample preparation procedures are of special interest for measuring PGM content in biological and environmental samples. ICP MS, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET AAS), adsorptive voltammetry (AV), and neutron activation analysis (NAA) have fotmd the widest applications, both for direct determination of the total metal content in the examined samples and for coupling with instrumental separation techniques. Mass spectrometry coupled with techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) (e.g., ESI MS", LC ESI MS", LC ICP MS, CE MS", and CE ICP MS) offer powerful potential for speciation analysis of metals. MS is widely used for examination of the distribution of the metals in various materials (elemental analysis) and for elucidation of the... 

Chwastowska, J., Skwara, W., Sterlinska, E., Pszonicki, L. Determination of platinum and palladium in environmental samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after separation on dithizone sorbent. Talanta 64, 224—229 (2004)... 

Beinrohr, E., Lee, M.L., Tschopel, P., Tolg, G. Determination of platinum in biotic and environmental samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after its electrodeposition into a graphite tube packed with reticulated vitreous carbon. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 346, 689-692 (1993)... 

Tsogas, G.Z., Giokas, D.L., Vlessidis, A.G., Evmiridis, N.P. On the re-assessment of the optimum conditions for the determination of platinum, palladium and rhodium in environmental samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and microwave digestion. Talanta 76, 635-641 (2008)... 

Human activities often mobilize and redistribute natural compounds in the environment to an extent that they can cause adverse effects. Much attention has been paid to the determination of trace of pollutant elements on account of their significant effect on the environment. The potential of USAL has been put into use in environmental element analysis. Thus, the US leaching of cadmium from coals and pyrolysed oil shale prior to ETAAS [56] resulted in a twofold increase in precision, better detection limits and decreased background absorbance in relation to total digestion. Cadmium has also been successfully leached with US assistance from ash samples with subsequent flow-injection coid-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry [57]. Additional examples include the leaching of germanium from soiis with an uitrasonic probe in 10 min [58] or that of lead from coal in 60 s [59]. 

Sturgeon, R.E. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and environmental challenges at the ultratrace level—a review spectrochim. Acta, Part B 1997, 52B (9, 10), 1451-1457. 

DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLES BY REDUCnON-AERATION/AMALGAMATION AND COLD VAPOUR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY (CVAAS)... 

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