Enforcement of safety

This naturally has repercussions for the enforcement of safety. The legal framework provides management with requirements for implementation, grounded in the safe/unsafe lexicon, yet how can these labels be applied in a fluid and flexible context. 

In such cases where should management draw their line of safety, beyond which violations will not be tolerated, when it often depends on a split second, and needs someone there to witness it This closely links to both the enforcement of safety rules and also worker engagement with safety. This is explored in more detail in Chapter 7, and of course begins to explain why safety violations also form such an accepted aspect of site life. 

Examples of these two different voices in the enforcement of safety can be readily found within site signage - in the differences between the corporate, professionally produced, safety propaganda, and the signage produced in the site offices on the printer and laminator, or even handwritten. 

The distinctions between these two voices create a dissonance in the way the enforcement of safety works. Whilst those at the higher corporate level seek to develop and position safety only positively, through no-blame cultures and realities intolerant of violation to the point of denial, those who manage and participate in construction site practices on a daily basis at site level instead have a version of safety firmly positioned within a reality of rules, violations, enforcements and punishments. Yet this latter approach also has the potential to create an understanding, or rather misunderstanding, that safety is the rules, rather than any wider considerations of safety and practice. In fact, when the safety rules are explored in more detail, their associations with safety become rather irrelevant and the enforcement of safety is much more bound up in issues of discipline and punishment on a societal level, rather than the potential consequences of any safety violations themselves. 

According to the safety culture—oriented organizational behavior, organizational behavior determine individual behavior , the measures should be taken from level of awareness of the safety culture (root cause), the improvement and enforcement of safety rules habits (primary cause) and the training of security acts habits (indirect cause). 

While events reflect the ejfects of dysfunctional interactions and inadequate enforcement of safety constraints, the inadequate control itself is only indirectly reflected by the events—the events are the result of the inadequate control. The control structure itself must be examined to determine why it was inadequate to maintain the constraints on safe behavior and why the events occurred. 

In systems theory, emergent properties, such as safety, arise from the interactions among the system components. The emergent properties are controlled by imposing constraints on the behavior of and interactions among the components. Safety then becomes a control problem where the goal of the control is to enforce the safety constraints. Accidents result from inadequate control or enforcement of safety-related constraints on the development, design, and operation of the system. 

Inadequate Enforcement of Safety Constraints on Process Behavior... 

Up to this point, the Walkerton accident has been viewed in terms of inadequate control and enforcement of safety constraints. But systems are not static. The next section describes the dynamic aspects of the accident. 

The main legislation governing the safety, and enforcement of safety, at nuclear installations in the U.K. is the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act. There are also relevant statutory provisions of the Nuclear Installations Act 1965 as amended and the Ionizing Radiations Regulations 1985, supplemented by the Nuclear Installations Regulations 1971 as amended. 

The Interface Between WC and OSHA. We can use the results reported in Table 4-4 to examine further the interface between WC and OSHA. The absolute size of the interaction must, of course, be the same as reported earlier when we discussed the labor market effects of OSHA enforcement activities. Still, because WC increases injuries only slightly, the interaction between the two safety programs appear larger when put on a percentage basis. For instance, a movement toward a 0.80 rate of income replacement increases the average frequency of injuries by 0.4 percent in the absence of safety standards, but by 0.6 percent with maximum enforcement of safety standards. Further, the increase in WC benefits raises the maximum probability of injury by 0.2 percent without OSHA but by 0.3 percent with an extremely stringent OSHA program. 

B. Hutter and S. Lloyd-Bostock (1990) The Power of Accidents The Social and Psychological Impact of Accidents and the Enforcement of Safety Regulations, ... 

Probst, T.M. and Estrada, R.X. 2010. Accident under-reporting among employees Testing the moderating inflnence of psychological safety climate and supervisor enforcement of safety tpttacMces. Accident Analysis Prevention, 42,1438-44. 

In academia the CSP seeks to develop and implement training activities to reinforce best practices in chemical security and safety in chemistry curricula. As discussed earlier, universities have unique risks that can include lack of safe practices, presence of COCs, improper management and storage of chemicals, and lack of enforcement of safety rules. Through its training activities, the CSP hopes to prepare laboratories in developing countries to avoid the consequences of chemical mismanagement, such as bodily... 

How does the site document and communicate oversight, coordination, and enforcement of safety and health expectations to contractors ... 

The enforcement of safety laws and the carrying out of research, investigations, etc., rests with the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The Executive itself comprises three members, the Director General, a Deputy and a Director, who are supported by a Board of Management comprising the Chief Inspectors and Heads of Divisions (see Figure 14.3). 

Rules of practice for administrative adjudications for enforcement of safety and... 

When it comes to enforcement of safety polices and procedures, discipline may come into play. No matter the type of discipline system that you use, the system must be established and implemented fairly, consistently, and equally to all employees. Infractions of safety rules must be linked to the procedure for corrective action as follows ... 

System accidents result not from component failures, but from inadequate control or enforcement of safety-related constraints on the development, design, and operation of the system. (91)... 

Historically, enforcement of safety and health rules and regulations on the shop floor has been through negative reinforcement, i.e., disciplinary action. Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, employers and employees who were not in compliance received negative reinforcement in the form of citations and monetary penalties. Negative reinforcement, in varying forms through individual compauy or... 

Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) standards and unwittingly supported by corporate rules and regulations. Then the primary job of safety personnel is to check for worker comphance with safety procedures and to correct incidences of noncompUance. Making safety a priority means increasing enforcement of safety policies. This climate leads to fault finding and punishment contingencies that prevent the development of personal accountabiUty. 

The miner s representatives right to pay for walk-around duties under the Mine Act covers inspections and investigations involving the enforcement of safety and health standards. Miners also can play a large role in technical consultations, equipment demonstrations, and discussions on research under the Mine Act and participate in these activities. 

A safety and health policy statement clarifies the policy, standardizes safety within the company, provides support for safety, and supports the enforcement of safety and health within the... 

Another important aspect of an effective program is maintaining the program s success. One way to do this is through follow-ups and the enforcement of safety policies. 

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