Energy ZEBRA

The ZEBRA battery is a high-energy battery based on a cell with electrodes of sodium and metal chloride. The ZEBRA system was first described by Coetzer in 1986 12J. 

The molten salt electrolyte also contributes to the safety behavior of ZEBRA cells. The large amount of energy stored in a 700 g cell, which means about 30 kWh in a 300 kg battery, is not released suddenly as heat as be expected in a system with liquid electrodes such as the sodium sulfur cell. In the case of accidental destruction of ZEBRA cells, the sodium will react mainly with the molten salt, forming A1 sponge and NaCl. -The diffusion of the NaAICI ... 

ZEBRA 567 energy efficiency 15 enhancement factor, lithium alloys 367 enhancing cation mobility 518 enthalpy 9... 

The standard Gibbs energy of formation of NaCl is — 384 kJ mol 1 and that of NiCl2 is — 62kJmol 1. Calculate the ideal voltage of a ZEBRA cell. 

A further possible and important application for the Na/S and ZEBRA cells is in load levelling . By this is meant the storage of electrical energy from power supply generators when demand is relatively low and its release into the supply network (the grid ) at peak demand times. In this way the generators can be run continuously at their optimal efficiency speeds. 

In the series hybrid vehicle a ZEBRA battery would complement the internal combustion engine. This combination could offer pollution-free motoring within cities, with the more powerful but dirty petrol/diesel motive power used for longer journeys. In the 100 kW h to 10 MW h energy range the batteries would be suited to load-levelling. The ZEBRA battery is now being mass-produced (MES-DEA, Stabio, Italy). 

Galloway, R.C. and Haslam, S. (1999) The ZEBRA electric vehicle battery power and energy improvements, J. Power Sources 80, 164-70. 

ZEBRA High Energy Batteries in Electric Hybrid Vehicle Technology 97, UK International Press, Surrey, UK (1997). 

Smolders, R., Bervoets, L., de Coen, W. and Blust, R. (2004) Cellular energy allocation in zebra mussels exposed along a pollution gradient linking cellular effects to higher levels of biological organization. Environ. Pollut., 129, 99-112. 

Juhel, G., Davenport, J., O Halloran, J., CuUoty, S.C., O Riordan, R.M., James, K.F., Furey, A. and AUis, O. Impacts of microcystins on the feeding behaviour and energy balance of zebra mussles, Dreissena polymorpha a bioenergetics approach, A waf. Toxicol, 79(4), 391, 2006. 

It is no surprise that mammals and birds sleep. But, so do zebra fish and fruit flies (Mason, 2006). Sleep is so important to life that animals who sleep can die if they don t get it. Energy stores are replenished during sleep, and metabolic toxins are removed. Perhaps most importantly, the nervous systan is ranodeled duriug sleep to consolidate memory. 

Another type of battery is the so-called Zebra cell, obtained for the first time in South Africa by Coetzer [425] at Zebra Power Systems (Pty) Limited. The development of this battery is being actively pursued in the United Kingdom for high energy density applications such as electric vehicles, load leveling and spacecraft. This type of battery has sodium as the negative electrode, and the positive electrode is made from Fe/FeCl2 or Ni/NiCU. 

D. WARDLEWORTH, The Interpretation of Mearore-ments in ZEBRA Cores, AEEW-R-893, U.K. Atomic Energy Authority (1973). 

Different technologies can be used to store electrical energy in road vehicles. Notable technologies today are lead acid, nickel metal hydride, and Hthium ion batteries, and also double-layer capacitors (supercapacitors). Electrochemical high-temperature cells (e.g., ZEBRA) are no longer considered for most appHcations in passenger... 

Battery safety is so important for mobile and vehicle apphcations. Especially for vehicles, on the road, accident likely becomes heavy, and the crash accident should not bring more danger by release of the energy stored in the cells. And various tests are usually conducted. In ZEBRA battery case, test results were reported. Crash of an operative battery against a pole with 50 km/h, overcharge test, overdischarge test, short circuit test, vibration test, external fire test, and submersion of the battery in water have been specified and performed [6]. The ZEBRA battery did pass all these tests owing to its four-barrier safety concept [7, 8] chemical aspects, cell case, thermal structure, and battery controller. 

Zyl AV, Dustmann CH (1995) Safety aspects of ZEBRA high energy batteries. evt95, Paris, 13-15 Nov 57... 

Trickett D, Current Status of Health and Safety Issues of Sodiiun/Metal Chlmide (ZEBRA) Batteries (1998) National renewable energy laboratory report, TP-460-25553... 

This same reaction of the liquid salt and liquid sodium is relevant for the high safety standard of ZEBRA batteries In case of mechanical damage of the ceramic separator due to a crash of the car the two liquids react in the same way, and the salt and aluminum passivates the NiCb cathode. The energy released is reduced by about 1/3 compared to the normal discharge reaction of sodium with nickel chloride. 

The ZEBRA battery system is designed for electric vehicles (Figure 10.12) which require a balance of power to energy of about 2, e.g., a 25 kWh battery has about 50 kW peak power. Other applications are electric vans, buses, and hybrid buses with ZEV range (Figures 10.13 and 10.14). 

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