Electric vehicles battery power

Galloway, R.C. and Haslam, S. (1999) The ZEBRA electric vehicle battery power and energy improvements, J. Power Sources 80, 164-70. 

R. GaUoway and S. Haslam, The ZEBRA Electric Vehicle Battery Power and Energy Improvements, J. Power Sources, 80 164-170, (1999). 

The future use of lead may be decided by the resolution of an environmental paradox. Some markets for lead are being phased out because of environmental concerns, eg, the use of tetraethyllead as a gasoline additive. However, a 1990 State of California law and similar laws in nine eastern U.S. states require that 2% of new cars meet 2ero-emission standards in 1998. By 2003 this requirement rises to 10% of new vehicles. Zero emission vehicles are generally accepted to mean electric, ie, battery powered cars, and there is considerable research effort to bring suitable electric vehicles to market by 1998. 

R. Swaroop, Reports on Electric Vehicle Batteries, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, Calif., 1989—1991. 

Li ion batteries are heavily advertised as the future power sources for electric vehicles. This seems premature because the technology of heat management and many questions of safety are not solved. Fuel cells and several types of secondary batteries have a long history in the field of electric vehicle propulsion, with successes and failures. For information on electric vehicle batteries, see [16-22],... 

Swaroop, R. "key uis on Electric Vehicle Batteries , Eleclru Power Research Institute (EPRIl Palo Alto, CA, 1989-1991. 

Linden D, Reddy TB (2001) Handbook of batteries, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York Yang S, Knickle H (2002) Design and analysis of aluminium/air battery system for electric vehicles. J Power Sources 112 162-173... 

J. Rasmassen, Sodium Sulfur Battery Disposal and Reclamation at Silent Power Limited, presented at the DOE Ad Hoc Electric Vehicle Battery Readiness Working Group, August 30-31,1994. 

The enhancement of both energy density and cell safety of rechargeable lith-ium(-ion) batteries is important for electric vehicle and power grid applications. Therefore, partially fluorinated organic compounds are expected as a good solvent... 

Kim I (2008) Nonlinear state of charge estimator for hybrid electric vehicle battery. IEEE Trans Power Electron 23 2027-2034. doi 10.1109/TPEL.2008.924629... 

Blanke H, Bohlen O, Buffer S et al (2005) Impedance measurements on lead-acid batteries for state-of-chaige, state-of-health and cranking capability prognosis in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. J Power Sources 144 418-425. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.10.028... 

New applications of lithium-ion batteries have been proposed, such as power sources for electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, stationary power sources, and so on. 

O. (2010) Lithium polymer batteries and proton exchange membrane fiiel cells as energy sources in hydrogen electric vehicles. J. Power Sources, 195, 7849-7854. 

F. G. Will, Impact of lithium abundance and cost on electric vehicle battery applications . Journal of Power Sources, 63 (1), pp. 23-26, November 1996. 

Fuel cells were not included in the 2nd Edition of this Handbook as the technical scope and applications at that time differed from that of the battery. Now that small to medium size fuel cells may become competitive with batteries for portable electronic and other applications, these portable devices are covered in Chap. 42. Information on the larger fuel cells for electric vehicles, utility power, etc can be obtained from the references listed in Appendix F Bibliography. ... 

TABLE 37.2 PNGV Technical Targets for Power-Assisted (Targets Shown in Parentheses) and for Dual-Mode Hybrid Electric Vehicle Batteries. Targets are Shown for a 400 V-Battery System... 

Based on these experiments a conceptual design was made for a 55 kW (peak power) electric-vehicle battery. Projected specific energy of the battery was 110 Wh/kg at 97 W/kg under a modified Simplified Federal Urban Driving Schedule (SFUDS). These values were increased to 228 Wh/kg at 100 W/kg when the battery was designed for optimum capacity, and to 100 Wh/kg at 150 W/kg when designed for optimum power output, based on the results of discharge experiments at 45°C. 

Review of Electric Vehicles, Batteries and Fuel Cells (A Powers Report), D. MacArthur, Chemac International, Sterhng Heights, Ml, 1999. 

USABC has set the goal so high that lead-acid batteries have been put out of the question for this application [29]. This led to an initiative by the lead-acid battery industry and their suppliers to set up the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) with the goal of fostering development of the lead-acid battery for use in electric vehicles, at least for an interim period until more powerful batteries with higher energy density will become available. Here a series of complex technical problems have to be solved [30]. Of course, such electric vehicle batteries have to be maintenance-free, that is, of sealed construction the resulting use of lead-calcium alloys and thus the premature capacity loss have already been touched on. 

Yuasa are developing a sealed nickel-zinc battery for powering electric lawn mowers. Prototype nickel-zinc electric vehicle batteries are being tested in USA, Europe and Israel and are a strong contender for... 

Yu Z, Zinger D, Bose A (2011) An innovative optimal power allocation strategy for fuel cell, battery and supercapacitor hybrid electric vehicle. J Power Sources 196(4) 2351-2359. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.057... 

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