Energy materials production

The Australian study used an LCA software called SimaPro 5.1 to assess the environmental impact of the carrier bags. The LCA analysis included production of raw materials, manufacturing of the bags, transportation of the bags to retailers, and disposal of the bags at the end-of-life. Australian data are used for energy production, material production, transportation, recycling, and waste disposal. 

R. A. Buchaiman and F. O. Otey, "Multi-Use OH- and Hydrocarbon-Producing Crops in Adaptive Systems for Food, Material, and Energy Production," paper presented at 19 th Annual Meeting, Societyfor Economic Botany, St. Louis, Mo., June 11—14,1978. 

H, for which J = 0, is the intrinsic coercivity whereas the usual coercivity, for which S = 0, is denoted by H or H. For permanent magnets, the value (BH), the maximum energy product, is an important measure of quaHty. The value (BH), iadicated ia the secoad quadrant of Figure 1, represents the poiat of maximum efficieacy where a givea amouat of magnetic flux is produced by the smallest amouat of material. 

Fig. 9. Progress in energy product for hard magnetic materials. To convert to cal, divide by 4.184.

Ereduc tion of a product or service must be evaluated over its entire istoiy or life cycle. This life-cycle analysis or total systems approach (Ref. 3) is crucial to identifying opportunities for improvement. As described earher, this type of evaluation identifies energy use, material inputs, and wastes generated during a products hfe from extraction and processing of raw materials to manufacture and transport of a product to the marketplace and finally to use and dispose of the produc t (Ref. 5). 

Location of Transfer Stations Whenever possible, transfer stations should be located (1) as near as possible to the weighted center of the individual solid-waste-produciion ares to be served, (2) within easy access of major arterial highways as well as near secondary or supplemental means of transportation, (3) where there will be a minimum of pubhc and environmental objection to the transfer operations, and (4) where construction and operation will be most economical. Additionally, if the transfer-station site is to be used for processing operations involving material recovery and/or energy production, the requirements for those operations must be considered. 

Recycling Use, reuse and recycling of wastes for the original or some other purpose, e.g. input material, materials recovery or energy production d j X ... 

Product recovery The recovery of the waste products from a process reducing pollution, saving energy or materials. 

Electronic materials are needed for computers and control devices purified silicon is the basic material for these applications. In addition silica glass (SiOj) is ail insulator, ahiininum an electrical conductor, and polymers are reactive materials for patterning in these devices. Control of evei"y step of energy production and traiismission is now completely dependent on electronics. 

Another area of success has been in applied materials research. Because of the integral nature of materials to advances in energy production and consumption, the laboratories have developed a number of toughened ceramics. When used as a replacement for steel, they will improve the energy performance characteristics of high-temperature applications for components of combined-cycle power plants and vehicle engines. 

For a micro-organism to grow it must be supplied with all the nutrients required for cell material and energy production. 

True Growing and dividing cells need to use substrate to provide energy and materials for growth, maintenance and product formation. In immobilised (non-growing) systems the energy and materials are only required for cell maintenance and product formation. 

Starch and cellulose are potentially important renewable resources for chemical production. Glucose (a component of starch) is relatively easy to obtain from plant material and is used to synthesize existing chemicals. While this is so, the production of such renewable materials, a full fife-cycle assessment of the requirements for their production suggest that much fossil-soiuced energy and material would stiU be employed in the growing, harvesting and processing of biomass. 

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