ADAPT system

R. A. Buchaiman and F. O. Otey, "Multi-Use OH- and Hydrocarbon-Producing Crops in Adaptive Systems for Food, Material, and Energy Production," paper presented at 19 th Annual Meeting, Societyfor Economic Botany, St. Louis, Mo., June 11—14,1978. 

The hyoscine system occurs alone in all young plants and may continue throughout life in specimens in the northern area it may represent the original alkaloid metabolism of the plant. The hyoscyamine system appears only at the age of four to six months, and in the southern area it replaces the hyoscine system almost completely it appears to be an adapted system and may represent the adult alkaloid metabolism of the plant. Usually both systems are present in varying proportions. 

The emerging new sciences of complexity and complex adaptive systems explore the important question of whether (and/or to what extent) does the behavior of the many seemingly disparate complex systems found in nature-from the very small to the very large-stem from the same fundamental core set of universal principles. 

The fundamental building block of most models of complex adaptive systems... 

Insofar as complex adaptive systems can be regarded as being essentially open-ended problem-solvers, their lifeblood consists mostly of novelty. The ability of a complex adaptive system to survive and evolve in a constantly changing environment is determiimd by its ability to continually find — either by chance, or experience, or more typically both insightful new strategies to increase its overall fitness (which is, of course, a constantly changing function in time). 

Swarm is a multi-agent simulation platform for the study of complex adaptive systems. It is currently under development at the Santa Fe Institute ... 

Internal Agent Models. One can argue that agents in a real complex adaptive system (such as the economy) behave and adapt according to some internal model they have constructed for themselves of what they believe their environment is really like. Sometimes, if the environment is simple, such models are fixed and simple sometimes, if the environment is complex, agents need to actively construct... 

Figure 12.20 illustrates what (we will argue below) is the fundamental difference between conventional physics (shown on the left) and the conceptual cornerstone of a generalized new physics built upon the precepts of CA and the dynamics of complex adaptive systems (illustrated at right). 

General van Riper, during the time when he was Commanding General at the Marine Corps Concept Development Command at Quantico, VA, (1994-1996), approached CNA with an idea for a study that asked. What do all of these new ideas I ve been hearing about - nonlinearity, complexity, complex adaptive systems - have to do with combat Since many at CNA knew of my deep interest in the subject, I was soon asked to direct a project addressing this question a project that has since spawned a follow-on multi-year effort sponsored by the Office of Naval Research to develop an artificial-life model of combat. To say that Lt.Gen van Riper s appear-... 

A Brief Review of the QSAR Technique. Most of the 2D QSAR methods employ graph theoretic indices to characterize molecular structures, which have been extensively studied by Radic, Kier, and Hall [see 23]. Although these structural indices represent different aspects of the molecular structures, their physicochemical meaning is unclear. The successful applications of these topological indices combined with MLR analysis have been summarized recently. Similarly, the ADAPT system employs topological indices as well as other structural parameters (e.g., steric and quantum mechanical parameters) coupled with MLR method for QSAR analysis [24]. It has been extensively applied to QSAR/QSPR studies in analytical chemistry, toxicity analysis, and other biological activity prediction. On the other hand, parameters derived from various experiments through chemometric methods have also been used in the study of peptide QSAR, where partial least-squares (PLS) analysis has been employed [25]. 

Schneider G, So SS. Adaptive Systems in Drug Design (Biotechnology Intelligence Unit 5). Georgetown Landes Bioscience 2002. p.45-7. 

Jurs and co-workers have used parameters generated by the ADAPT system [34], The descriptors fall into three categories topological, electronic, and geometric. 

We emphasize the link with the name of the already formed class of kick-excited self-adaptive systems and phenomena the external force is linked, through the function e(x), with the motion coordinate in an adaptive mode, and at the same time it exerts action in the form of short impulses much shorter than the oscillation period of the system. 

Tolley, G. (2005). Analysis of the Hydrogen Production and Delivery Infrastructure as a Complex Adaptive System, www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review05/... 

In this book, discussion is limited to their significance in coordination of the responses to an infection or in trauma. Although it is an oversimplihcation from the biochemical and clinical points of view, the cytokines can be separated into two classes those that are involved in the innate response (secreted by the macrophages, particularly during inflammation), and those involved in the responses of the adaptive system (secreted by the T-helper cells). Some of those secreted by T-lymphocytes and their effects are shown in Figure 17.20. Those secreted by macrophages and their effects are described in Figure 17.21. 

Areas related to the evaluation of the adversity of an effect are reversibility and irreversibility and adaptation to an exposure. Irreversible effects are always of great concern. Reversible effects may also be of great concern depending on the nature of the effect and on the setting in which they occur. It cannot be mled out that a permanent lesion may have occurred even if the overt effect is transient. Eurthermore, when there is a more or less continuous exposure to a substance, the question of reversibility is not relevant because adaptation systems will be counteracted by new insults. In many cases it is not possible to draw any conclusion on whether an effect is reversible or not as such experimental data are rare, and all significant health effects that can impair function, both reversible and irreversible, should therefore be considered in the hazard assessment. 

Adaptive systems contain three types of components. There must be a sensor, a component that detects or measures the varying condition. If the conditions warrant a change in the system s function, a component called an actuator will perform the adjusting. An actuator is often a motor, such as the motor in an electric drill, which causes or creates motion. The component called the controller determines when and how the system s function should change. This component is usually a small computer, which receives input from the sensor and switches on the actuator, if needed. 

Light is electromagnetic radiation, and electricity and magnetism, along with optics, are extremely important in science, engineering, and industry. Smart materials and adaptive systems that respond to some aspect of electricity and magnetism are in high demand. A circuit based on electrical resistance was mentioned earlier in the chapter. 

The human body, for instance, has sensors (eyes, ears, touch receptors in the skin, and so forth), a controller (the brain), and actuators (muscles) to react and respond to commands. These are the same basic concepts as the adaptive systems discussed in this chapter. Robots today, such as the welding machines used in industry or the toy dogs sold as pets, are extremely Umited in mobility and adaptability compared to humans. Yet smart materials, along with a design based on the sensory, nervous, and muscular systems of the body, could one day create an agile and adaptable robot. 

Adaptation and evolution have created an astonishing variety of life on this planet. Smart materials and adaptive systems may do the same for instruments, machines, and other technological tools and techniques. The expansion of this scientific frontier has the potential to revolutionize much of the technology that people use for medicine, transportation, and industry. 

Unlike the innate system, which is relatively nonspecific, the adaptive system responds to unwanted cells or molecules in a specific manner. 

The adaptive system can discriminate between nonself (i.e., foreign ) and self, thereby preventing an undesirable attack upon its own molecules or cells. 

Complex adaptative systems such as membranes are said to self-organize, but this must not be misunderstood. Indeed, self-organized criticality at each hierarchical level of biological systems is not reached independently of other levels, but in a fully coordinated and integrated manner. The readily recognizable levels are listed in Section 1.2.1, and those to be briefly considered here appear in the title of this section. 

A complex adaptive system has the ability to be creative and thus offer novel solutions to otherwise intractable problems. To preserve this creativity, according to the loM report, a complex adaptive system should have a few explicit goals and be guided by a few simple rules. 

---