Energy consumption, case study

Bicsiot, W-, and Noorman, K. J. (1999). Energy Requirements in Household Consumption A Case Study of the Netherlands. Ecological Economics 28 367-383. BP Amoco. (2000). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. BP Amoco, London, . 

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Thermal Energy Storage for Sustainable Energy Consumption—Fundamentals, Case Studies and Design Izmir, Turkey 6-17 June 2005... 

As is evident from Fig. 3, paper production contributes significantly (about 30% of total) to the impact profile but is not at all dominating like in former studies (60-80% of total) focusing on energy consumption and only including chemicals and potential toxic impacts to a limited degree. If the toxicity-related impact categories are excluded in this case study, the contribution from paper is increased to 67% of total, which is at the level of the former studies. 

The case study was solved using the uneven discretization of time formulation presented in this chapter. The mathematical model for the scenario without heat integration (standalone mode) involved 88 binary variables and gave an objective value of 1060 rcu. This value corresponds to the production of 14 t of product and external utility consumption of 12 energy units of steam and 20 energy units... 

In studying all these articles, in prime newspapers or scientific journals, one cannot help but feel uncomfortable about what is said about the economics of such processes and their energy consumption. Often statements are conflicting, or are ignored, and one feels the need for "a proper assessment" of the many claims that are made. How such a proper assessment may lead to a completely unexpected outcome will be shown in the following case study. 

This book answers this question for industrial processes, in particular those in the energy and chemical industry. Having a long experience in joint efforts with industry and with teaching, the authors use the fundamental laws of thermodynamics as a point of departure. They contrast the present industrial society with the emerging metabolic society, in which mass production and consumption are in harmony with the natural environment through closure of material cycles. These are ultimately driven by the primary new energy source, the sun. This book provides keys to a quantification of process efficiency and sustainability. This is illustrated in case studies, examples, and problems. 

Most buildings and factories can cut electricity consumption by 25 percent or more with rapid payback (less than four years). My 1999 book Cool Companies relates some one hundred case studies of companies that have done just that and made a great deal of money.9 There are many reasons why most companies do not do what the best companies do, as explained in that book. The key point here is that we have more than two decades of experience with very successful state and federal energy efficiency programs. In short, we know what works. 

In alternative (a) pure products are obtained in each column. Since the relative volatility diminishes with the pressure, higher reflux is needed in the H P column. The balance of duties can be obtained by adjusting the split of the feed. Roughly speaking, by double-effect distillation the energy consumption is divided by two. In alternative (b) there is a large temperature difference between top and bottom that may be exploited by a sloppy split in the HP column with the heavy component, while in alternative (c) this is done with the light component. Alternative (c) is the best for the present case study since it allows a lower temperature of the hot utility. 

As can be noted, all the iodides studied so far (circles) are almost equivalently reactive on silver, while exhibit on GC a secondary modulation effect chained to the organic moiety structure. On Ag, to appreciate the influence of bulky molecular structures (as in the case of haloadamantanes), or poorly activated C-X bonds (as in the case of long linear alkyl chain halides), it is necessary to consider the less reactive bromide (squares) and chloride (full triangles) derivatives. The difference between the reduction potentials on Ag and on GC ranges from 0.3 to 1.4 V, thus implying a substantial saving in the specific energy consumption. The remarkable... 

Based on these results, a pilot plant (shown in Fig. 11) has been built at the site of a textile factory in Tunisia (Menzel Temime). The TFFBR was chosen because previous studies showed sufficient degradation rates with the selected textile waste water in combination with its simple, low cost construction and the low energy consumption [263]. However, to integrate results obtained with suspended catalysts showing in some cases a higher efficiency than the fixed system, the possibility of using suspended catalysts has also been considered. 

The case study showed a successful method for manufacturing composite sorption materials for ion removal by electrosorption. The prepared electrosorption membranes that were electrochemically activated at 10 V and removed approximately 100% of Ni and >90% of Na" ", S04, and CP ions from a simulated nickel effluent solution. The energy consumption at... 

As already mentioned, two optimization objectives were chosen in this study the effluent quality and the energy consumption. In the case of multi-objective optimization, two solutions are possible. The first one consists in choosing a weighting scheme that will aggregate the different objectives in a single criteria. This technique is acceptable when it is possible to find a common measure or unit for all objectives. In our case, the effluent quality is already an aggregation, in unit of kilograms of pollution... 

---