Energy and materials, recovery

Boilers and industrial furnaces (BIFs)—used primarily for energy and material recovery. 

Matsumura, Y., Sasaki, M., Okuda, K., Takami, S., Ohara, S., Umetsu, M. and Adschiri, T. 2006. Supercritical Water Treatment of Biomass for Energy and Material Recovery. Combust. Sci. Technol., 178, 509-536. 

Energy and material recovery facilities, for instance, are similar to other capital intensive manufacturing operations in that they cannot operate economically unless they receive regularly sufficient feedstocks to utilize production capacity. A guaranteed supply of waste is the foundation upon which an economically feasible energy recovery project is built. However, municipalities frequently control only a fraction of the wastes collected within their jurisdictions. 

This situation severely constrains the ability of energy and materials recovery systems to compete with land disposal operations for the acquisition of urban wastes. Economy in transportation is one potential advantage that energy recovery facilities enjoy relative to land disposal. Because landfill sites are increasingly available only at considerable distance from the urban centers which generate the waste, the costs of transporting the waste is greatly increased. 

CSI Resource Systems Group, Inc., Federal Assistance by the Department of Energy in the Demonstration of Energy and Materials Recovery Systems. Contract No. 31-109-38-4493, Argonne National Laboratory (August 1978). 

Resilin and elastin, unlike other structural proteins, fulfill both definitions of an elastic material. Colloquially speaking, resilin and elastin are stretchy or flexible. They also fulfill the strict definition of an elastic material, i.e., the ability to deform in proportion to the magnitude of an applied stress without a loss of energy, and the recovery of the material to its original state when that stress is removed. Resilin and elastin are alone in the category of structural proteins (e.g., collagen, silk, etc.) in that they have the correct blend of physical properties that allow the proteins to fulfill both definitions of elasticity. Both proteins have high extensibility and combine that property with remarkable resilience [208]. 

Incinerators are used to bum hazardous waste primarily for waste destruction/treatment purposes however, some energy or material recovery can occur. When performed properly, incineration destroys the toxic organic constituents in hazardous waste and reduces the volume of the waste.3 Since metals will not combust, incineration is not an effective method for treating metalbearing hazardous wastes. 

Type 1 industrial systems represent an initial stage requiring a high throughput of energy and materials to function, and exhibit little or no resource recovery. It is a once flow-through system with rudimentary end-of-pipe pollution controls. 

An Overview of the Department of Energy Program for the Recovery of Energy and Materials from Urban Solid Waste... 

The separation of a multi-component mixture into products with different compositions in a multistage process is governed by phase equilibrium relations and energy and material balances. It is not uncommon in simulation studies to require certain column product rates, compositions, or component recoveries to satisfy given specifications with no concern for conditions within the column. Such would be the case when downstream processing of the products is of primary interest. In these instances, one would be concerned only with overall component balances around the column but not necessarily with heat balances or equilibrium relations. Separation would thus be arbitrarily defined, and the problem would be to calculate product rates and compositions. The actual performance of the separation process is analyzed independently in all the following chapters. 

Abstract Whereas much attention has been paid to the environmental aspects of the life cycle of fuel cell fuel production, emphasis is placed on fuel cell hardware and materials recovery, including component reuse, remanufacturing, materials recycling and energy recovery for fuel cell maintenance and retirement processes. Fuel cell hardware recycling is described and issues related to the recycling infrastructure and the compatibihty of fuel cell hardware and materials are discussed. The role of materials selection and recovery in the fuel cell hfe cycle is described. Future trends for fuel cells centered on voluntary and mandatory recovery and the movement of life cycle considerations from computational research laboratories to design complete the discussion. 

Yukihiko Matsumura, Mitsuru Sasaki, Kazuhide Okuda, et al. Supercritical water treatment ofbiomciss for energy md material recovery. Combustion Science and Technology, 178(1-3) 509-536,2006. 

Output-pulled versus input-pushed Products, processes, and systems should be output-pulled rather than input-pushed through the use of energy and materials. This approach is based on Le Chatelier s principle, which states that when a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system readjusts to relieve or offset the applied stress. Stress is defined as temperature, pressure, or concentration gradient. It is possible to increase the productivity of a process by overwhelming the feed with a specific reactant. That leads to incredible excess of the reactant in the product stream, which requires separation, recovery, and recycle. On the other hand, if you can remove a product from the process stream as it is produced, then the reaction will drive to greater quantities of product, without any need for use of excess reactants. 

Location of Transfer Stations Whenever possible, transfer stations should be located (1) as near as possible to the weighted center of the individual solid-waste-produciion ares to be served, (2) within easy access of major arterial highways as well as near secondary or supplemental means of transportation, (3) where there will be a minimum of pubhc and environmental objection to the transfer operations, and (4) where construction and operation will be most economical. Additionally, if the transfer-station site is to be used for processing operations involving material recovery and/or energy production, the requirements for those operations must be considered. 

Because many of the techniques, especially those associated with the recovery of materials and energy and the processing of solid hazardous wastes, are in a state of flux with respect to application and design criteria, the objective here is only to introduce them to the reader. If these techniques are to be considered in the development of waste-management systems, current engineering design and performance data must be obtained from consultants, operating records, field tests, equipment manufacturers, and available literature. 

Recycling Use, reuse and recycling of wastes for the original or some other purpose, e.g. input material, materials recovery or energy production d j X ... 

Brief details are given of an oil recovery process currently being researehed at the Institute for Mining and Materials Researeh, Kentueky University. The researeh project is part of a larger programme carried out by a 5 university. Dept, of Energy funded project. In this process oil is... 

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