Endocrine disorders and

Acanthosis nigricans A skin condition characterized by dark, thickened velvety patches, especially in the folds of skin in the armpits, groin, and back of the neck that is often associated with insulin resistance. Also may be associated with internal malignancy, endocrine disorders, and obesity. 

Secondary OA is associated with a known cause such as rheumatoid arthritis or another inflammatory arthritis, trauma, metabolic or endocrine disorders, and congenital factors. 

Fever is common in, and often a sign of, infection irrespective of its cause. Other diseases, which cause fever, are tumours, non-infectious inflammations, endocrine disorders and thrombo-embolic disease. Drugs can cause fever, e.g. angiotension-II-antagonists, ACE inhibitors and phenytoin. 

Glucocorticoids are used in two primary situations to evaluate and treat endocrine disorders and to help resolve the symptoms of a variety of nonendocrine problems. These two major applications are discussed below. 

Quinolizines similar to 13a and 13b have been screened in the treatment of circulatory collapse, endocrine disorders, and cardiovascular ailments.152-154 Many of these compounds, which are prepared by condensation of substituted phenethylamines with a suitable oxo or oxo... 

Reproductive endocrine disorders and sexual dysfunction have often been attributed to epilepsy itself, but... 

Rosen CJ. Endocrine disorders and osteoporosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol... 

Intracellular protein delivery is considered to be the most direct, fastest and safest approach for curing gene-deficiency diseases or disorders affecting primarily cellular processes, such as cystic fibrosis, coagulation disorders, otl-antitrypsin deficiency, immunoglobulin deficiencies, endocrine disorders and lysosomal storage diseases, where the expression of required proteins in the host cells is limited due to the defects in the required cellular (endogenous transcriptional) machinery/ ... 

Previously, several studies have demonstrated that endocrine disorders and hepatotoxicity are a big concern with ketoconazole therapy [18, 19 ]. 

Preexisting conditions include disorders such as neuromuscular diseases (NMD), malnutrition, endocrine disorders, and hyperinflation. 

An endocrine disorder first described by the British Physician Thomas Addison in the mid 1800 s. The adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient amounts of glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol) and sometime mineralocorticoid (aldosterone). If left untreated it is life-threatening, the patient will show muscle weakness, hyperpigmentation and even depression. Typical treatment is hydrocortisone replacement therapy. 

Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous and progressive endocrine disorder associated with insulin resistance (impaired insulin action) and defective function of the insulin-secreting (3-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. These endocrine disorders give rise to widespread metabolic disturbances epitomised by hyperglycaemia. The present classes of antidiabetic agents other than insulin act to either increase insulin secretion, improve insulin action, slow the rate of intestinal... 

Category X) and lactation. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are used cautiously in patients with a history of alcoholism, acute infection, hypotension, trauma, endocrine disorders, visual disturbances, and myopathy. 

To cover these various disorders in an orderly and comprehensive manner, the following sections are devoted, respectively, to the muscular dystrophies the congenital myopathies the metabolic myopathies the myotonias, periodic paralyses, and malignant hyperpyrexia the neurogenic disorders the inflammatory muscle disorders the endocrine myopathies and the drug-induced and toxic myopathies. 

People who should not work with organophosphate insecticides are those with organic central nervous system disease, mental disorders, epilepsy, pronounced endocrine disorders, respiratory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, circulatory disorders, gastroenteric diseases, liver or kidney disease, and chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis (Medved and Kagan 1983). 

Sharpe, R.M. and Skakkebaek, N.E. (2003). Male reproductive disorders and the role of endocrine disruption Advances in understanding and identification of areas for future research. Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, 2023-2038. 

Chronic diarrhea lasts for longer than 4 weeks. Most cases result from functional or inflammatory bowel disorders, endocrine disorders, malabsorption syndromes and drugs (including laxative abuse). In chronic diarrhea, daily watery stools may not occur. Diarrhea may be either intermittent or persistent. 

Obtain a thorough past medical history focusing on psychiatric disorders, cardiac disorders, endocrine disease, and renal insufficiency. 

Endocrine disorders (hypogonadism and pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid disorders)... 

Uncommon causes of diabetes (1% to 2% of cases) include endocrine disorders (e.g., acromegaly, Cushing s syndrome), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), diseases of the exocrine pancreas (e.g., pancreatitis), and medications (e.g., glucocorticoids, pentamidine, niacin, and a-interferon). 

Humans can be exposed to POPs through diet, occupational exposures (for example, farmworkers may be exposed to POPs through pesticides), industrial accidents and the environment (including indoor exposure). Exposure to POPs, either acute or chronic, can be associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, including illness and death (L. Ritter et al., 1995). Laboratory animal studies and wildlife studies have associated POPs with endocrine disruption, reproductive and immune dysfunction, neurobehavioral disorders and cancer. More recently, some POPs have also been connected to reduced immunity in infants and children and a concomitant increase in infections. Other studies have linked POPS concentrations in humans with developmental abnormalities, neurobehavioral impairment and cancer and tumor induction or promotion.4... 

Adipocytes have an important secretory function. Numerous factors (collectively termed adipokines or adipocytokines), mostly peptides but also eicosanoids are produced by preadipocytes and mature adipocytes (Table 9.3). Some of these factors act in an autocrine or paracrine fashion to regulate adipogenesis, that is differentiation and maturation of adipocytes themselves, whilst others, notably, leptin, adiponectin and some cytokines act in truly endocrine way, having effects on the brain, endothelial cells, liver and skeletal muscle. Disturbance in secretion from adipocytes is associated with eating disorders and metabolic syndrome. 

Endocrine disorders Adrenal Addison s disease and Cushing s disease Diabetes mellitus Parathyroid hyper-/hypo-Reproductive ovary/testicle failure Thyroid hyper-/hypo-... 

Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition with Panic Attacks. Many medical illnesses are associated with anxiety and even recurrent panic attacks. These include endocrine disorders, such as hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypoglycemia, and pheochromocytomas, inner ear (vestibular) dysfunction, seizure disorders, and cardiac (heart) disorders such as supraventricular tachycardia, mitral valve prolapse, and various arrhythmias, and carcinoid. A general physical examination, routine laboratory studies including electrolytes and... 

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