Emulsions colloids and

Dickinson, E. (2006a). Structure formation in casein-based gels, foams, and emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 288, 3—11. 

Dickinson, E., Davies, E. (1999). Influence of ionic calcium on stability of sodium caseinate emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces, 12, 203-212. 

Neirynck, N., van der Meeren, P., Lukaszewicz-Lausecker, M., Cocquyt, J., Verbeken, D., Dewettinck, K. (2007). Influence of pH and biopolymer ratio on whey protein-pectin interactions in aqueous solutions and in O/W emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 298, 99-107. 

When solid particles fail to dissolve in a liquid, they form a suspension. When solid particles seem to dissolve in a liquid, but the solution lacks the property of being able to pass through a membrane, it is not really a solution, but a colloid. When two liquids don t form a single clear liquid, they form an emulsion. Colloids and emulsions are kinds of suspensions. 

Coagulation of the Latex.—Pure rubber or caoutchouc is an emulsion colloid and in most cases is held in emulsion by the protective action of other colloids, principally proteins. The breaking up of the emulsion with the coagulation of the caoutchouc depends thus upon the removal or destruction of the protective colloids. This is accomplished by different means. The latex of the para rubber from the Amazon is coagulated by heat and smoke, while the latex from the same species of tree on the plantations of the Malay States is usually coagulated by treatment with acid. Boiling of the latex, the addition of formaldehyde, and simple dilution with water are other methods in use. Enzymes are also present associated with the protective colloid proteins but their function seems not to be connected with the coagulation of the caoutchouc. 

Chevalier Y, Bolzinger M-A. Emulsions stabilized with solid nanoparticles Pickering emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces A. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2013 439(0) 23-34. 

Calvo, R, et al.. Development of positively charged coDoidcil drug carriers Chitoscui coated polyester nanocapsules and submicron-emulsions. Colloid and Polymer Science, 275 (1) 46-53, 1997. 

Hunter, R.J. (1998) Recent developments in the electroacoustic characterisation of colloidal suspensions and emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces, 141, 37-65. 

Although it is hard to draw a sharp distinction, emulsions and foams are somewhat different from systems normally referred to as colloidal. Thus, whereas ordinary cream is an oil-in-water emulsion, the very fine aqueous suspension of oil droplets that results from the condensation of oily steam is essentially colloidal and is called an oil hydrosol. In this case the oil occupies only a small fraction of the volume of the system, and the particles of oil are small enough that their natural sedimentation rate is so slow that even small thermal convection currents suffice to keep them suspended for a cream, on the other hand, as also is the case for foams, the inner phase constitutes a sizable fraction of the total volume, and the system consists of a network of interfaces that are prevented from collapsing or coalescing by virtue of adsorbed films or electrical repulsions. 

In suspension processes the fate of the continuous liquid phase and the associated control of the stabilisation and destabilisation of the system are the most important considerations. Many polymers occur in latex form, i.e. as polymer particles of diameter of the order of 1 p.m suspended in a liquid, usually aqueous, medium. Such latices are widely used to produce latex foams, elastic thread, dipped latex rubber goods, emulsion paints and paper additives. In the manufacture and use of such products it is important that premature destabilisation of the latex does not occur but that such destabilisation occurs in a controlled and appropriate manner at the relevant stage in processing. Such control of stability is based on the general precepts of colloid science. As with products from solvent processes diffusion distances for the liquid phase must be kept short furthermore, care has to be taken that the drying rates are not such that a skin of very low permeability is formed whilst there remains undesirable liquid in the mass of the polymer. For most applications it is desirable that destabilisation leads to a coherent film (or spongy mass in the case of foams) of polymers. To achieve this the of the latex compound should not be above ambient temperature so that at such temperatures intermolecular diffusion of the polymer molecules can occur. 

Bailey, A.L, Cardenas-Valera, A.E., Doroszkowsi, A., Graft copolymers as stabilizers for oil-in-water emulsions. Part 1. Synthesis of the copolymers and their behaviour as monolayers spread at the air-water and oil-water interfaces. Colloids and Surfaces, v.96, pp.53-67, 1995. 

Emulsions - creaming and rheology), Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 7, 419. 

N Garti, A Aserin. Double emulsions stabilized by macromolecular surfactants. Advances in colloid and interfaces science 65 37-69, 1996. 

Shinoda, K. and Saito, H. (1969) Thestability of O/W type emulsions as functions of temperature and the HLB of emulsifiers the emulsification by PIT-method. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 30, 258-263. 

Izquierdo, P., Feng, J., Esquena, J.,Tadros, T.F., Dederen, J.C., Garcia, M.J., Azemar, N. and Solans, C. (2005) The influence of surfactant mixing ratio on nano-emulsion formation by the PIT method. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 285 (1), 388-394. 

Gutierrez, J.M., Gonzalez, C., Maestro, A., Sole, I., Pey, C.M. and Nolla., J. (2008) Nano-emulsions new applications and optimization of their preparation. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 13, 245-251. 

Mechanism of nanocapsules formation by the emulsion-diffusion process. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 317, 458-4-68. 

Forster, Th., von Rybinski, W. and Wadle, A. (1995) Influence of microemulsion phases on the preparation of fine-disperse emulsions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 58, 119-149. 

Since microgels are intramolecularly crosslinked macromolecules of colloidal dimensions, it is necessary for their synthesis to control the size of the growing crosslinked molecules. This can be achieved by carrying out polymerization and crosslinking in a restricted volume, i.e. that of a micelle or of a polymer coil. Thus, two general methods of microgel synthesis are available (1) emulsion polymerization, and (2) solution polymerization. 

Most hand creams are colloidal, and generally have a thick, creamy consistency. The majority of hand creams are formulated as a liquid-in-liquid colloid (an emulsion), in which the dispersion medium is water based, and the dispersed phase is an oil such as palm oil or cocoa butter . These oils are needed to replenish in the skin those natural oils lost through excessive heat and work. 

Abstract Emulsion homopolymers and copolymers (latexes) are widely used in architectural interior and exterior paints, adhesives, and textile industries. Colloidal stabihzators in the emulsion polymerization strongly affect not only the colloidal properties of latexes but also the fdm and mechanical properties, in general. Additionally, the properties of polymer/copolymer latexes depend on the copolymer composition, polymer morphology, initiator, polymerization medium and colloidal characteristics of copolymer particles. 

The stabilizing of aqueous latexes succeeded by using emulsifiers (anionic, nonionic) and/or their mixture, steric stabilizators (polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, new protective colloids etc.), and polymerizable surfaces active agents, in general. Vinyl acetate (VAc) emulsion homopolymers and copolymers (latexes) are widely used as binders in water-based interior and exterior architectural paints, coatings, and adhesives, since they have higher mechanical and water resistance properties than the homopolymers of both monomers [2, 4, 7]. 

P. Fernandez, V. Andre, J. Rieger, and A. Ktlhnle Nano-Emulsion Formation by Emulsion Phase Inversion. Colloid and Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 251, 53 (2004). 

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