Medical emulsions

Shunmugaperumal Tamilvanan, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Progress in Design of Biodegradable Polymer-Based Microspheres for Parenteral Controlled Delivery of Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Oil-in-Water Nanosized Emulsions Medical Applications... 

Uses Surfactant, emulsifier, dispersant, solubilizer, vehicle/carrier, wetting agent for cosmetics (creams/iotions, mascara, foundation, sun care, bath/shower preps,), pharmaceuticals (dermatological emulsions), medicated cleansers, and industrial applies. 

GRINDSTED Xanthan 200 GRIND-STED Xanthan EASY Stabilizer, emulsions medicated ointments... 

Batyl Isostearate Batyl stearate Emalex LWS-8 Emalex LWS-10 Emalex LWS-15 GM-18IS GM-18S PEG-8 lauryl ether stearate PEG-10 lauryl ether stearate PEG-15 lauryl etherstearate Stabilizer, emulsions medicated syrups... 

Medical appHcations of PFC emulsions for organ perfusion and intravenous uses have received much attention in recent years. The first commercial blood substitute (Fluosol DA 20%, trademark of the Green Cross Corp.) employed perfluorodecalin, and improved, second generation products based on this PFC, or perfluorooctylbromide, are now under development (20,21). The relatively high oxygen dissolving capabiHty of PFCs undedies these appHcations (see Blood, artificial). 

Sorbitan sesquioleate emulsions of petrolatum and wax are used as ointment vehicles in skin treatment. In topical appHcations, the inclusion of both sorbitan fatty esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives modifies the rate of release and promotes the absorption of antibiotics, antiseptics, local anesthetics, vasoconstrictors, and other medications from suppositories, ointments, and lotions. Poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monooleate, also known as Polysorbate 80 (USP 23), has been used to promote absorption of ingested fats from the intestine (245). 

The final steps to a synthetic blood depend completely upon good chemistry tailored to meet the exact needs of the body Fluorocarbons, such as perfluorodecalin, recently have been found to induce hypennflated lungs when given either intravenously as an emulsion or mtratracheally as a neat liquid [18, 19] But this and other physiological side effects are now understood, and research is well advanced to prevent undesirable side effects in medical applications of fluorocarbon liquids... 

Sodium lauryl sulfate is often used in medicinal preparations. As mentioned above, it is used as an emulsifer for creams and lotions in cosmetic preparations, but due to its low toxicity and biological compatibility it is also used in the preparation of creams, gels, and emulsions in which the medications are dispersed. Its ability to lower the interfacial tension affects the potentiation and availability of medications. 

Advantages Simplified regimen for patient Increased patient compliance at home Decreased labor Decreased costs Decreased risk of contamination (due to less manipulation) Minimize infusion-related reactions from intravenous lipid emulsions Decreased vein irritation (especially with PPN) Improved stability compared to TNA Increased number of compatible medications Decreased bacterial growth compared to TNA Easier visual inspection Can use 0.22-micron bacterial retention filter Cost savings if unused (i.e. not spiked) intravenous lipid emulsion can be reused... 

Disadvantages Decreased stability compared to 2-in-1 PN Cannot use 0.22-micron bacterial retention filter Increased bacterial growth compared to 2-in-1 PN Visual inspection is difficult Limited compatibility with medications Increased labor and costs (if intravenous lipid emulsion infused separately) Increased vein irritation, especially if PPN is not coinfused with intravenous lipid emulsion... 

Another concern is the coinfusion of intravenous medications with PN admixtures. Many intravenous medications have limited compatibility with 3-in-l formulations but may be coinfused with a 2-and-l formulation.23,24 Some medications can be coinfused at the Y-site, few medications can be mixed directly into the PN solution or coinfused with intravenous lipid emulsion, and some cannot be mixed or coinfused with the PN admixture.23,24 Always consult compatibility data before adding a medication to a PN admixture or coinfusing with PN. Medications that are compatible should be added to PN only if it is reasonable and safe (i.e., based on toxicity profile, pharma-cokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations). 

Ultrasonically assisted extraction is also widely used for the isolation of effective medical components and bioactive principles from plant material [195]. The most common application of low-intensity ultrasound is as an analytical technique for providing information about the physico-chemical properties of foods, such as in the analysis of edible fats and oils (oil composition, oil content, droplet size of emulsions, and solid fat content) [171,218]. Ultrasonic techniques are also used for fluids characterisation [219]. 

Kinkead ER, Culpepper BT, Henry SS, et al. 1988. Evaluation of the acute toxicity of four water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluids. Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Technical Report AAMRL-TR-87-063, 142. 

Creams are semisolid preparations meant for external application as emollients or as topical medications. They are semisolid emulsions of either the oil-in-water or the water-in-oil type. 

In industry, iodine is used for dyes, antiseptics, germicides. X-ray contrast medium, food and feed additives, pharmaceuticals, medical soaps, and photographic film emulsions and as a laboratory catalyst to either speed up or slow down chemical reactions. 

S.S. Davis, J. Hadgraft, and K.J. Pahn In P. Becher (ed) Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Emulsions. Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, Vol. 2. Marcel Dekker New York (1985). 

Uses. Vulcanization accelerator for type of rubber usually used in the production of household rubber gloves rather than medical rubber gloves corrosion inhibitor in metal-working fluids, detergents, antifreeze, and photographic emulsions. 

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