Emissions Western Europe

Table 5. Estimated Phthalate Emissions in Western Europe...

Emissions During Plasticizer Production and Distribution. Phthalate plasticizers are produced by esterification of phthaUc anhydride in closed systems hence losses to atmosphere are minimal. Inquiries of all the principal plasticizer producers indicate a maximum total emission in Western Europe of 220 t/yr, 90% of which is to the water compartment. This level is expected to decrease in the future due to increa sing plant water treatment. 

For the noble metals used in oxidation, the loading is about 0.1 oz per car, with calls for a million ounces per year. The current world production rates of platinum, palladium, and rhodium are 1.9, 1.6, and 0.076 million ounces respectively the current U,S. demand for platinum, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium are 0.52, 0.72, 0.045, and 0.017 million ounces respectively (72, 73). The supply problem would double if NO reduction requires an equal amount of noble metal. Pollution conscious Japan has adopted a set of automobile emission rules that are the same as the U.S., and Western Europe may follow this creates a demand for new car catalysts approaching the U.S. total. The bulk of world production and potential new mines are in the Soviet Union and South Africa. The importation of these metals, assuming the current price of platinum at 155/oz and palladium at 78/oz, would pose a balance of payment problem. The recovery of platinum contained in spent catalysts delivered to the door of precious metal refiners should be above 95% the value of platinum in spent catalysts is greater than the value of lead in old batteries, and should provide a sufficient incentive for scavengers. 

End of Abstract Nowadays, the Diesel vehicles market in Western Europe keeps growing. Diesel technology is of interest for car manufacturers because the Greenhouse gas emissions are noticeably lower with Diesel than with gasoline (do not forget the ACEA1 commitment for 2008 140 g/km of C02 for the new cars sold in European Union). A major issue for the Diesel vehicles is to clean-up HC, CO, NO and soot particles released by the engine at a minimum cost. 

The Solvent Emissions Directive was adopted in March 1999 by the European Council of Ministers and should be implemented by member states within two years. The adhesives industry uses about 130,000 tonnes of solvents in its products annually and has a key role to play in meeting the Directive s targets. The main impact of emissions reduction will be on adhesives coaters because the adhesive film forms through the evaporation of solvent. For adhesives manufacturers, the main issue is the reduction of fugitive emissions. Both oxidation and recovery are well proven abatement techniques. BELGIUM EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION WESTERN EUROPE... 

The European Commission has adopted a directive which limits the emission of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain industrial activities. The directive sets emission limits for these compounds and lays down operating conditions for industrial installations. In addition, under the directive, new installations must be registered or be authorised to carry out their activities. Further requirements of the directive are listed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL... 

There is one further potential source of mercury emissions which, in fact, totally overshadows all discussion of emissions, discharges and losses but which, until recently, was not on the regulatory radar screen. There are about 12 000 tonnes of pure mercury contained in operating cellrooms in Western Europe. What happens to this mercury when the cellrooms close After all, it represents some 1500 years of emissions at present rates from operating cellrooms, and it also represents some 15 years or more of global mercury production at present rates. Clearly the resolution of this issue is of importance not only for the environment but also for the mercury mining industry. 

Hoogwijk et al. (2005) assume the biomass energy potential in Western Europe from energy crops, agricultural residues, forest residues and industrial biogenic residues to be of the order of 10000 PJ/year and 16000 PJ/year by 2050. The analysis is based on the IMAGE 2.2 model using the four scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), (Nakicenovic, 2000) as main assumptions for the included food demand and supply. 

Even where sewage is supposed to be treated prior to discharge, such as in the industrialized countries of North America and western Europe, untreated effluents are still periodically emitted. These emissions are the result of breaks in sewer lines, pump feilures, and combined sewer overflows (CSOs). CSOs occur in sanitary sewer systems that, intentionally or not, merge wastewaters with stormwater runoff The stormwater flows are usually too large for the treatment plants to handle, leading to the discharge... 

Despite the fact that organic pollution still remains a problem, the steps taken to improve the situation cannot be overlooked. Specifically, the improvement in both wastewater treatment and emission controls has led to a significant decrease in the percentage of heavily polluted rivers, from 24% in the late 1970s to 6% in the 1990s in Western Europe. In contrast, the situation is not exactly the same in the southern member states, since 50% of the population is not yet connected to sewage treatment operations. 

Because dichloromethane is highly volatile, most environmental releases are into the atmosphere. It is released to the atmosphere during its production, storage and transport, but most (more than 99%) of the atmospheric releases result from industrial and consumer uses. Estimates of annual global emissions of 500 thousand tonnes have been reported for dichloromethane. It has been estimated that 85% of the total amount of dichloromethane produced in the United States is released to the environment, mostly to the atmosphere. Industrial dichloromethane emissions to the atmosphere in the United States fell from about 58 thousand tonnes in 1988 to approximately 25 thousand tonnes in 1995 (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997a). The total emission into the air in western Europe was estimated to be 173 thousand tonnes for 1989 and... 

Ammonium in aerosols originates from the neutralisation of sulphuric and nitric acid by ammonia. Ammonia is emitted by different sources, most notably animal manure, traffic and application of fertiliser. In general, emissions are for the largest part (80-95%) associated with agricultural activities [19]. Erisman et al. [20] estimated the natural emissions at about 10% of the total emissions in Europe. This percentage includes contributions from wild animals and wetlands. We assume a similar percentage for ammonium in north-western Europe. 

Radioactive pollution of the water in the North and Norwegian Seas is entirely due to emissions from radiochemical plants located in Western Europe. 

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