EMEP emissions

The model system generally uses EMEP emissions. For the countries - Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary - the original 50 x 50 km data are down-scaled to 5 X 5 km based on an inventory from 1995 (Winiwarter and Zueger 1996). The EMEP data for 1999 (used for 2005 forecast) have been substituted by data for 2003 (Vestreng et al. 2004). In addition, a new highly resolved emission inventory for the city of Vienna, Austria (Orthofer et al. 2005) is used for this area. 

First, the SILAM model (Sofiev et al. 2006) was applied in adjoint mode to identify the potential sources of pollution. It was found that the aerosol peak of May 2-3 most probably originated from the Nikel metallurgy factory (Kola Peninsula, Russia) located about 200 km north from Varrio (Kaasik et al. 2007). Then the SILAM model was applied in a forward mode comparatively with the ECMWF and HIRLAM (FMI) meteorological datasets EMEP emission data on sulphate and PM, sea salt emissions calculated by SILAM, emission model based on... 

Mylona, Sophia N. Detection of sulphur emission reductions in Europe during the period 1979-1986. EMEP Report MSC-W, 1/89, Norwegian Meteorolgoical Institute, 1989, Blindem, Norway. 

Figure 12. Spatial distribution of mercury anthropogenic emission in the Northern Hemisphere (a) and in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (b) in 1995. Black line in the left figure delineates the EMEP region (Ilyin et al., 2004).

For the evaluation of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition of POPs, a multi-compartment transport model EMEP/MSCE-POP is used (Mantseva et al 2004). It includes such media as the atmosphere, soil, seawater and vegetation (Figure 1). A multi-compartment approach is conditioned by the ability of POPs to be accumulated in soil, seawater and vegetation with subsequent re-emission. Apart from atmospheric transport the model also takes into account the transport of pollutants by sea currents. 

At present there exist two versions of MSCE-POP model a regional version elaborated for the EMEP region with spatial resolution 50 x 50 km and 150 x 150 km, and a hemispheric version with spatial resolution 2.5 x 2.5°. Modelling of POP transport requires information on the physical-chemical properties of considered POPs, their emissions and also meteorological and geophysical data. The model output data are calculated fields of depositions and concentrations in the main environmental media with different spatial resolutions and long-term trends of contamination by various... 

In the EMEP region within the period from 1990 to 2001 emission reduction took place for all POPs under consideration. In particular, during the considered period emissions of B[a]P were reduced by 25% emissions of PCDD/Fs and PCBs—more than by half and emissions of y-HCH—almost twice. As an example, temporal trends of total European emissions of PCDD/Fs and y-HCH for the considered period are presented in Figure 2. For preparation of the data used in calculations available official information supplemented by expert estimates where necessary are used. As a whole a considerable reduction of POP emissions are also characteristic of the most part of Eastern European countries. 

EEA (2006c). Annual European Community LRTAP Convention Emission Inventory 1990-2004. Submission to EMEP through the Executive Secretary of the UNECE. EEA Technical Report 8/2006. Copenhagen European Environment Agency. 

Vestreng V (2003) Review and Revision Emission data reported to CLRTAP, EMEP MSC-W Status Report 2003. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - West, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo... 

Fig. 5 Ozone isopleth diagram for 18th July 2006 at the EMEP GB0036R Harwell station plotted from the results of VOC and NOx emission sensitivity experiments performed with a Photochemical Trajectory Model [23]...

The origin of these episodic peak ozone levels is unquestionably photochemical ozone formation from man-made NOx and VOC precursors. Efficient long-range transboundary transport ensures that these episodic peak levels are observed at even the most remote monitoring stations in the EMEP monitoring network. Equally well, efficient transboundary transport ensures that responses to reductions in man-made NOx and VOC precursor emissions should be felt across Europe in terms of reductions in episodic peak ozone levels. 

POP concentrations in the European atmosphere can be estimated from these national emission inventories by using model calculations, such as the MSCE-POP model. This is a three-dimensional Eulerian multi-compartment model operating within the geographical scope of EMEP region with a spatial resolution of 50 km x 50... 

Table 1 Annual emission of ammonia (Gg NH3) from different sectors in Europe during the period 1985-2009. Emissions are distributed according to the SNAP categories developed within the EMEP inventories (Webdab extraction,...

Fig. 5 European NH3 emissions from nonagricultural sources according to the EMEP inventories (webdab system 12 May 2012). Note that the scale in this figure is different from the one that is used in Fig. 4...

Fig. II Trend in total annual NH3 emissions in Europe over the period 1980-2009. Source EMEP (http //www.emep.int)...

Fig. 2.6. Annual emission of by-product POPs (PCBs, HCB, and PAHs) Korea 1995 (from MCIE, 1999), Korea 2000 (from KMOE, 2003b) Korea 2001 (from KMOE, 2005a) Other countries 2000 (from UNECE/EMEP, 2002). PAHs emissions were based on 7 PAHs for Korea and 6 PAHs for other countries.

EMEP/CORINAIR, 2000. Emission Inventory Guidebook, 3rd Ed., European Environment Agency homepage (http //reports.eea.eu.int/technical report 2001 3/en/page 021.html/pcb.pdf). 

MSC-E, 2002. EMEP workshop on Emission and Emission Factor Estimates, MSC-E Note... 

UNECE/EMEP (United Nations EconomicCommission for Europe/Co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluation of long range transmission of air pollutants in Europe ) emission database, WebDab 2002 (http //webdab.emep.int/). 

Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). Today, EMEP is an integral component of the cooperation under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLTRAP) launched in 1979. Including EMEP, there are eight protocols under the Convention that identify specific measures to be taken by Parties to cut their emissions of air pollutants. 

Vestreng V, Adams M, Goodwin J (2004) Inventory Review 2004, Emission Data reported to CLRTAP and under the NEC Directive, EMEP/EEA Joint Review Report, EMEP/MSC-W Note 1/2004. ISSN 0804-2446... 

Melnnes, G. (eds) Joint EMEP/CORINAIR atmospheric emission inventory guidebook, European... 

The general concept of the atmospheric transport and deposition computational method is that the concentration of any substance determined on the basis of its emissions, is subsequently transported by (averaged) wind flow and dispersed over the impacted area due to atmospheric turbulence. Basically, the rate of substance removal from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition and photochemical degradation is described by general model algorithms. The transport and dispersion of HM in the atmosphere are assumed to be similar to those for other air pollutants, for instance, such as SO2 and smog compounds (Pacina et al, 1993 de Leeuw, 1994, EMEP/MSC-E, 1996 Dutchak et al, 1998). Based on such an approach, the computational results of sulfur deposition over the area of interest obtained by other authors might be particularly used for the estimation of HM depositions. 

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