Economics nation

U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Agricultural Economics, National Food Situation, quarterly. 

M. Boudart, in Technology and Economics, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1991, pp. 77-83. 

In short, Japan was an early NIE characterized by a high growth rate as well as growing economic nationalism. This situation raises a number of... 

This work is supported by Federal Ministry of Economics of Germany and the National... 

Szydiik W Economic - technical test conditions presented hy CJD and RTG for welded joints. Materials of the 21 st. National Conference on Non-destroying methods, Szczyrk 1992, p. 127-132. 

The pressure equipment directive was adopted by the European Parliament and the European Council in May 1997. It harmonises the national laws of the 15 Member States of the European Union relating to equipment subject to the pressure risk. That directive is one of the series of technical harmonisation directives such as for machinery, medical devices, simple pressure vessels, gas appliances and so on, which were foreseen by the Communities programme for the elimination of technical barriers to trade. It therefore aims to ensure the free placing on the market and putting into service of the equipment concerned within the European Union and the European Economic Area. At the same time it permits a flexible regulatory environment, allowing European industry to develop new techniques increasing thereby its international competitiveness. 

Until World War 1 acetone was manufactured commercially by the dry distillation of calcium acetate from lime and pyroligneous acid (wood distillate) (9). During the war processes for acetic acid from acetylene and by fermentation supplanted the pyroligneous acid (10). In turn these methods were displaced by the process developed for the bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates (cornstarch and molasses) to acetone and alcohols (11). At one time Pubhcker Industries, Commercial Solvents, and National Distillers had combined biofermentation capacity of 22,700 metric tons of acetone per year. Biofermentation became noncompetitive around 1960 because of the economics of scale of the isopropyl alcohol dehydrogenation and cumene hydroperoxide processes. 

A survey of nonelectrolytic routes for CI2 production was conducted by Argonne National Laboratory the economics of these processes were examined in detail (76). One route identified as energy efficient and economically attractive is the conversion of waste NH Cl to CI2. 

The first pet food, a baked mixture of meat, vegetables, and wheat flour, was produced in the late 1800s. Early canned dog foods were composed mostly of meat from horses or dead stock. In the 1950s, high quaUty, nutritionally balanced, oven-baked, and pelleted dog foods became popular with dog owners and provided the most economical and satisfactory sources of dog nutrition. The extmsion process for pet foods was developed in 1954 and by 1957 extmded dog food had become the nation s leading dry pet food. 

Detailed information on the history of spices is available (4—6). Until the eighteenth century, the country or area that controlled the spice traffic was economically and politically the most powerful nation of the era. 

In April of 1991, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration concluded that o2one depletion was occurring even faster than had been estimated, and at the third meeting of the patties to the Montreal Protocol in June of 1991, an eadiet phaseout of controlled substances was proposed. An assessment of the technical and economic consequences of a 1997 phaseout is cuttendy underway, and further acceleration of the phaseout schedule to as soon as 1995 seems likely. Many countnes already have undatetaHy banned or curbed the use of controlled substances well ahead of the Montreal Protocol timetable. As of eadyjuly 1992, there were 81 parties to the Protocol. 

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Report of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, Dec. 1991. 

In Europe, the formation of the European Economic Community has created a requirement to bring food additive approvals of the member nations into alignment, so as to eliminate differences in laws that hinder the movement of foodstuffs among these nations. Historically the member countries have differed widely in approaches to food additive approval and their tendency to approve new additives. At the time of this writing, a framework directive for food additives and several specific directives for various categories of additives are nearing completion (3). 

United Nations, 1990 Energy Statistics Yearbook, Department of Economic and Social Development, New York, 1992. 

J. E. Duddy, S. B. Panvelker, and G. A. Popper, "Commercial Economics of HRI Coal/Oil Co-Processing Technology," paper presented at 1990 SummerAIChE National Meeting, San Diego, Ca., 1990. 

J. P. Holdren and co-workers. Report of the S enior Committee on Environmental, Safety, and Economic Nspects of Magnetic Fusion Energy, report UCRL-53766, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., Sept. 25, 1989. 

Each refiner has the flexibiUty to choose the specific formulation to produce based on the economics of the individual refineries. REG meeting the statutory requirements must be sold in the nine areas of the country which have the worst ozone (qv) problem. In addition, all other areas of the country which exceed the ozone NAAQS may elect the REG regulations, and EPA has estimated that 40% of the nation s gasoline should be subject to REG rules (66). 

R. A. Smith, "Economic Velocity in Heat Exchangers," ASME/AIChE 20th National Heat Transfer Conference, Milwaukee, Wis., 1981. 

Comecon = Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Communist-bloc nations). 

FoUowiag Monsanto s success, several companies produced membrane systems to treat natural gas streams, particularly the separation of carbon dioxide from methane. The goal is to produce a stream containing less than 2% carbon dioxide to be sent to the national pipeline and a permeate enriched ia carbon dioxide to be flared or reinjected into the ground. CeUulose acetate is the most widely used membrane material for this separation, but because its carbon dioxide—methane selectivity is only 15—20, two-stage systems are often required to achieve a sufficient separation. The membrane process is generally best suited to relatively small streams, but the economics have slowly improved over the years and more than 100 natural gas treatment plants have been installed. 

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