Electrospray Fourier transform-ion cyclotron

Nawrocki, J. P., Wigger, M., Watson, C. H., Hayes, T. W., Senko, M. W., Benner, S. A., and Eyler, J. R. (1996). Analysis of combinatorial libraries using electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 10 1860-1864. 

E. Vukelic, A. D. Zamfir, L. Bindila, M. Froesch, J. Peter-Katalinic, S. Usuki, and R. K. Yu, Screening and sequencing of complex sialylated and sulfated glycosphingolipid mixtures by negative ion electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 16 (2005) 571—580. 

Resolution Electrospray Fourier Transform-Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectra. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 246, 1-9. 

Jensen, P. K., Pasa-Tolic, L., Anderson, G. A., Homer, J. A., Lipton, M. S., Bmce, J. E., and Smith, R. D. (1999). Probing proteomes using capillary isoelectric focusing-electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 71, 2076-2084. 

Wunschel, D. S. Pasa-Tolic, L. Feng, B. B. Smith, R. D. Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance analysis of large polymerase chain reaction products. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2000,11, 333-337. 

Wu, Z. Jernstroem, S. Hughey, C. A. Rodgers, R. R Marshall, A. G. Resolution of 10,000 compositionally distinct components in polar coal extracts by negative-ion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. Mass Spectrom. Ener. Fuels 2003,17, 946-953. 

Leinweber, F.C., Schmid, D.G., Lubda, D., Wiesmuller, K., Jung, G., Tallarek, U. (2003). Silica-based monoliths for rapid peptide screening by capillary hquid chromatography hyphenated with electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom. 17, 1180-1188. 

Various analyzers have been used to analyze phenolic compounds. The choice of the MS analyzer is influenced by the main objective of the study. The triple quadrupole (QqQ) has been used to quantify, applying multiple reaction monitoring experiments, whereas the ion trap has been used for both identification and structure elucidation of phenolic compounds. Moreover, time-of-flight (TOF) and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) are mainly recommended for studies focused on obtaining accurate mass measurements with errors below 5 ppm and sub-ppm errors, respectively (Werner and others 2008). Nowadays, hybrid equipment also exists, including different ionization sources with different analyzers, for instance electrospray or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with triple quadrupole and time-of-flight (Waridel and others 2001). 

DGE a AC AMS APCI API AP-MALDI APPI ASAP BIRD c CAD CE CF CF-FAB Cl CID cw CZE Da DAPCI DART DC DE DESI DIOS DTIMS EC ECD El ELDI EM ESI ETD eV f FAB FAIMS FD FI FT FTICR two-dimensional gel electrophoresis atto, 10 18 alternating current accelerator mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure chemical ionization atmospheric pressure ionization atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization atmospheric pressure photoionization atmospheric-pressure solids analysis probe blackbody infrared radiative dissociation centi, 10-2 collision-activated dissociation capillary electrophoresis continuous flow continuous flow fast atom bombardment chemical ionization collision-induced dissociation continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis dalton desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization direct analysis in real time direct current delayed extraction desorption electrospray ionization desorption/ionization on silicon drift tube ion mobility spectrometry electrochromatography electron capture dissociation electron ionization electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization electron multiplier electrospray ionization electron transfer dissociation electron volt femto, 1CT15 fast atom bombardment field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry field desorption field ionization Fourier transform Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance... 

J. S. Sampson, A. M. Hawkridge, and D. C. Muddiman. Generation and Detection of Multiply-Charged Peptides and Proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization (MALDESI) Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 17(2006) 1712-1716. 

M. E. Belov, M. V. Gorshkov, H. R. Udseth, G. A. Anderson, and R. D. Smith. Zeptomole-Sensitivity Electrospray Ionization-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry of Proteins. Anal. Chem., 72(2000) 2271-2279. 

Z. Wu, R.P. Rodgers and A.G. Marshall, Characterization of vegetable oils Detailed compositional fingerprints derived from electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52 (2004) 5322-5328. 

To date, only few very recent gas-phase studies on this subject can be retrieved from the literature, i.e., (i) a gas-phase study on the displacement of several amino acids from the chiral amido esorcinarene 9 (Scheme 9) carried out by Speranza and coworkers using an electrospray-ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESl-FT-lCR) mass spectrometer," " and (ii) Lebrilla and coworkers study on the ability of the achiral calix[4]arene 7 and calix[6]arene 8 to form inclusion complexes with natural amino acids under matrix-assisted laser... 

Hughey, C.A. Hendrickson, C.L. Rodgers, R.P. Marshall, A.G. Elemental Composition Analysis of Processed and Unprocessed Diesel Fuel by Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Energy Fuels 2001,15. 1186-1193. 

Akashi S., Takio K. Melittin-diacylphosphatidylcholine interaction examined by electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. 

N. J. Haskins, C. Eckers, A. J. Organ, M. F. Dunk and B. E. Winger, The use of electrospray ionization with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in the analysis of trace impurities in a drag substance. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 1995,9(11), 1027-1030. 

General Methods. The instrument that will be used to execute the gas-phase experimental portion of the proposed research is a Finnigan 2001 dual-cell Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTMS or FTICR), equipped with both electron impact (FI) and electrospray ionization (FSl). FTMS is a high-resolution, high-sensitivity technique that allows the entrapment and detection of gas-phase species. Gas-phase ions are trapped in a magnetic field, much like a reactant sits in a flask in solution. The instrument is a mass spectrometer therefore, we will often refer to the mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of ions, which is the method we use to identify species. (M-l) or (M-H) refers to a molecule M that has been deprotonated for example, HjO has an (M-f) ion of m/z 17 (HO ). 

In 1974, Comarisov and Marshall60 developed Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). This technique allows mass spectrometric measurements at ultrahigh mass resolution (R = 100000-1000000), which is higher than that of any other type of mass spectrometer and has the highest mass accuracy at attomole detection limits. FTICR-MS is applied today together with soft ionization techniques, such as nano ESI (electrospray ionization) or MALDI (matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization) sources. 

Herniman, J. M., Bristow, T. W. T., O Connor, G., Jarvis, J., and Langley, G. J. (2004). Improved precision and accuracy for high-performance liquid chromatography/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric exact mass measurement of small molecules from the simultaneous and controlled introduction of internal calibrants via a second electrospray nebuliser. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18 3035-3040. 

Mass spectrometers are used not only to detect the masses of proteins and peptides, but also to identify the proteins, to compare patterns of proteins and peptides, and to scan tissue sections for specific masses. MS is able to do this by giving the mass-to-charge ratio of an ionized species as well as its relative abundance. For biological sample analysis, mass spectrometers are connected to an ionizing source, which is usually matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) [14], surface-enhanced laser desorption/ioni-zation (SELDI, a modified form of MALDI) [15], or electrospray ionization [16]. These interfaces enable the transfer of the peptides or proteins from the solid or liquid phase, respectively, to the gas (vacuum) phase inside the mass spectrometer. Both MALDI and electrospray ionization can be connected to different types of mass analyzers, such as quadrupole, quadruple-ion-traps, time of flight (TOF), or hybrid instruments such as quadrupole-TOF or Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance. Each of these instruments can... 

Stenson, A. C., Landing, W. M., Marshall, A. G., and Cooper, W. T. (2003). Exact masses and chemical formulas of individual Suwannee River fulvic acids from ultrahigh resolution electrospray ionisation fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 75,1275-1284. 

In recent years the application of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) are used for further structural characterization of DOM (Kujawinski et al., 2002 Kim et al., 2003 Stenson et al., 2003 Koch et al., 2005 Tremblay et al., 2007 Reemtsma et al., 2008). MS/MS capabilities provide the screening for selected ions, and FT-ICR allows exact molecular formula determination for selected peaks. In addition, SEC can be coupled to ESI and FTICR-MS to study different DOM fractions. Homologous series of structures can be revealed, and many pairs of peaks differ by the exact masses of -H2, -O, or -CH2. Several thousand molecular formulas in the mass range of up to more than 600 Da can be identified and reproduced in element ratio plots (O/C versus H/C plots). Limitations of ESI used by SEC-MS are shown by These and Reemtsma (2003). 

Koch, B. R, Witt, M., Engbrodt, R., Dittmar, T., and Kattner, G. (2005). Molecular formulae of marine and terrigenous dissolved organic matter detected by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, 3299-3308. 

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