Electrolyte ionic liquid-based

Sun, J. MacFarlane, D. R. Forsyth, M. A new family of ionic liquids based on the l-alkyl-2-methylpyrrolinium cation, Electrochim. Acta, 2003, 48(12), 1707-1711 Fors3dh, S. Golding, J. MacFarlane, D. R. Forsyth, M. A-methyl-iV-alkylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate salts ionic solvents and solid electrolytes, Electrochim. Acta, 2001, 46(10-11), 1753-1757 Golding, J. J. Macfarlane, D. R. Spiccia, L. et al. Weak intermolecular interactions in sulfonamide salts structure of 1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-benzylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1593-1594. 

Anodic limit, potential referred to Li+/Li, cutoff current density in parentheses. Scan rate 5 mV s. Activated carbon as working surface. Scan rate 10 mV s. Supporting electrolyte 0.1 M BU4NBF4. Scan rate 100 mV s . The solvent-free condition was realized by using an ionic liquid based on Imldazolium cation, at 80 °C. Scan rate 20 mV s . ... 

However, it can be assumed for most electrochemical applications of ionic liquids, especially for electroplating, that suitable regeneration procedures can be found. This is first, because transfer of several regeneration options that have been established for aqueous solutions should be possible, allowing regeneration and reuse of ionic liquid based electrolytes. Secondly, for purification of fiesh ionic liquids on the laboratory scale a number of methods, such as distillation, recrystallization, extraction, membrane filtration, batch adsorption and semi-continuous adsorption in a chromatography column, have already been tested. The recovery of ionic liquids from rinse or washing water, e.g. by nanofiltration, can also be an important issue. 

Despite the huge number of publications dealing with the application of ionic liquids, there are only a couple that include reuse aspects. To the best of our knowledge, there is none that deals with regeneration of spent ionic liquid based electrolytes. The intention of this contribution is to bridge this gap and suggest potential concepts for ionic liquid regeneration. 

Transfer from Water-based to Ionic Liquid Based Liquors. In the case of water-based electrolytes, there are two economic incentives forthe above mentioned approaches the recovery of valuables and the avoidance of wastes and wastewaters. Despite the environmental attractiveness of such measures economic constraints may become an obstacle in industrial application. 

Other unit operations that have been established for aqueous solutions could be considered, to allow regeneration and reuse of ionic liquid based electrolytes. 

Every single regeneration problem has to be analysed individually, however, the following case study demonstrates how a selection of separation techniques, extraction and phase separation, can successfully be applied to regenerate a spent ionic liquid based electrolyte satisfactorily. As a case study the electrolyte 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([BMP]Tf2N) was chosen, which is used for electrodeposition of aluminum as described in the literature [137, 138],... 

Recently ionic liquid-based liquid crystalline materials have been developed as a new family of anisotropic (one or two dimensional) electrolytes [8, 26-29]. Ionic liquids are isotropic organic liquids composed entirely of ions [30-34]. They have advantages for applications as nonvolatile liquid electrolytes in a variety of electrochemical devices such as lithium ion batteries, capacitors, dye-sensitized solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, and actuators. 

In this chapter we have described the mesomorphic behavior and ionic conductivities of ionic liquid-based liquid crystalline materials. These ion-active anisotropic materials have great potentials for applications not only as electrolytes that anisotropically transport ions at the nanometer scale but also as ordered solvents for reactions. Ionic liquid crystals have also been studied for uses as diverse as nonliner optoelectronic materials [61, 62], photoluminescent materials [78], structuredirecting reagents for mesoporous materials [79, 80] and ordered solvents for organic reactions [47, 81]. Approaches to self-organization of ionic liquids may open a new avenue in the field of material science and supramolecular chemistry. 

Matsumoto H, Sakaebe H, Tatsumi K. Preparation of room temperature ionic liquids based on aliphatic onium cations and asymmetric amide anions and their electrochemical properties as a lithium battery electrolyte. J. Power Sources. 2005. 146, 45-50. 

Zhancy Z X, Zhou H, Yang L, et al. Asymmetrical dicationic ionic liquids based on both imidazolium and ahphatic ammonium as potential electrolyte additives applied to hthium secondary batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 2008. 53, 4833-4838. 

Kim Ki-Sub, Choi Sukjeong, Demberelnyamba D, et al. Ionic liquids based on n-alkyl-n-methyhnorpholinium salts as potential electrolytes. Chem.Commun. 2004. 828-829. 

The alkylpyridinium cations suffer from being relatively easy to reduce, both chemically and electrochemicaUy. Charles Hussey (Fig. 1.3) and I set out a program to predict cations more resistant to reduction, synthesize ionic liquids based on those predictions, and electrochemicaUy characterize them for use as battery electrolytes. 

Kang,Y.J., Chung, H., Han, C.H., Kim, W., 2012b. All-solid-state flexible supercapacitors based on papers coated with carbon nano tubes and ionic-liquid-based gel electrolytes. Nanotechnology 23,065401. 

Anouti, M., and L. Timperman. 2013. A pyrrolidinium nitrate protic ionic liquid-based electrolyte for very low-temperature electrical double-layer capacitors. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 15 6539-6548. 

Tiruye, G. A., D. Munoz-Torrero, J. Pahna, M. Anderson, and R. Marcilla. 2015. Allsolid state supercapacitors operating at 3.5 V by using ionic liquid based polymer electrolytes. Journal of Power Sources 279 472—480. 

Sellam, and S. A. Hashmi. 2013. High rate performance of flexible pseudocapacitors fabricated using ionic-liquid-based proton conducting polymer electrolyte with poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) and its hydrous ruthenium oxide composite electrodes. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces 5 3875-3883. 

Liew, C. W., S. Ramesh, and A. K. Arof. 2014. Good prospect of ionic liquid based-polyfvinyl alcohol) polymer electrolytes for supercapacitors with excellent electrical, electrochemical and thermal properties. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 2953-2963. 

Pandey, G. P., and S. A. Hashmi. 2013. Solid-state supercapacitors with ionic liquid based gel polymer electrolyte Effect of lithium salt addition. Journal of Power Sources 243 211-218. 

Varzi, A., A. Balducci, and S. Passerini. 2014. Natural eeUulose A green alternative binder for high voltage electrochemical double layer eapacitors containing ionic liquid-based electrolytes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 161 A368-A375. 

Egashira, M. Todo, H. Yoshimoto, N. Morita, M., Lithium ion conduction in ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolyte, J. Power Sources 2008,178,729-735. 

Leilia, B. S. Yoshimoto, N. Egashira, M. Morita, M., A mixture of triethylphosphate and ethylene caibonate as a safe additives for ionic liquid-based electrolytes of lithium ion batteries, 7. Power Sources 2f)W, 195, 7426-7431. 

Modeling of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid-Based Binary Electrolytes... 

An atomistic simulation MD simulation of a common carbonate-based organic electrolyte, ethylene carbonate dimethyl carbonate (EC DMC = 3 7) with approximately 1 mol/kg LiPFs, referred to as the organic liquid electrolyte or OLE, and an ionic liquid-based electrolyte (ILE), 1-ethyl 3-methyl-imidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMIM iFSE) with 1 mol/kg LiFSI, in contact with LiFeP04 has been carried out [107]. Simulations were carried out using quantum chemistry-based polarizable force at 363 K on a 3-D periodic orthorhombic... 

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