Electrical circuits electricity defined

FPN) Nonincendive circuit is defined in Article 100. For further information, see Electrical Equipment for Use in Class I, Division 2 Hazardous (Classified) Locations, ANSI/ISA-S12.12-1984. 

Power factor in an alternating current circuit is defined as the ratio of actual circuit power in watts (W) to the apparent power in voltage amperes (VA). The need for correction arises from fact that the majority of A.C. electrical loads take from the supply a lagging quadruple current (voltage amperes reactive, var) and thus operates at a lagging power factor due to the reactive (rather than capacitive) nature of their construction. 

The prospective short-circuit current defines the short-circuit current which can be expected in case of replacing the short-circuit point by an (ideal) electrical connection with zero impedance. Due to a short-circuit point impedance greater than zero in practice, the prospective short-circuit current indicates the upper limit of a short-circuit current in a defined grid at a given point. 

The capacity of a circuit is defined as C = Q/E, with C in farads, Q being the electrical charge in coulombs, and E the voltage. One farad is the capacity of a capacitor or a circuit in which one coulomb of electrical charge creates a voltage difference of 1 V. 

Coulomb (C) ku- lam [Charles A. de Coulomb] (1881) n. (1) A quantity of electricity defined in the SI system as equal to a current of 1A flowing for 1 s, i.e., 1°C = 1 A/s. (2) Before SI, the quantity of electricity that must pass through a circuit to deposit 0.0011180 g of silver from a solution of silver nitrate. (3) The quantity of electricity on the positive plate of a 1 F capacitor when the potential difference between the plates is 1V. 

Ampere s circuit law states that the magnetic field intensity around a closed circuit is determined hy the sum of the currents at each point around that circuit. This defines a strict relationship between electrical current and the magnetic field that is produced around the conductor by that current. Because electrical current is a physical quantity that can be precisely... 

Shorts. Shorts, hard shorts, or short circuits are defined here as erroneous (undesired and nnexpected) low-resistance connections between two or more networks or isolated points, typically exhibiting a fairly low electrical resistance value. Shorts are reported as failures of the isolation test of the prodnct. Shorts are produced in a variety of ways, inclnding exposure problems, underetching, contaminated phototools, poor ahgnment of layers, defective raw material, and improper solder levehng. 

An impedance Z of any component in an electrical circuit is defined as the ratio of voltage across this component to the current passed through it. 

Patent laws provide for several stages in the life of an application for a patent on an invention. The pattern followed by patent laws in effect in most industrialized countries during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and still in effect in the United States in 1995, calls for the examination of all patent appHcations to certify that the claimed invention meets the national standards for novelty, usehilness, and inventiveness. The owner of the technology to be patented files appHcation papers that include a specification containing a description of the invention to be patented (called the disclosure) and claims defining the limits of the invention to be protected by the patent, a formal request for the issuance of a patent, and fees. Drawings of devices and apparatuses, electrical circuits, flow charts, etc, are an important part of the disclosures of most nonchemical and many chemical patents. 

Considerable effort has been directed to determining the causes of connection failutes and to learning how to minimize the likelihood of occurrence. Acceptable failute rates range from <1 in 10 operating hours for contacts in air-frame (31) electrical systems and in some telecommunications equipment, to 100—1000 in 10 operating hours in instmments, to even larger rates for contacts in many consumer products. A failute is defined as exceedance of contact resistance, which can be as Httle as twice the initial contact resistance, that causes circuit malfunction. The required lifetimes of connectors may be >20 yr, although most required appHcation times ate shorter (see Materials reliability). 

The production of integrated circuits has, in the 40 years since their invention, become the most complex and expensive manufacturing procedure ever it even leaves the production of airliners in the shade. One circuit requires a sequence of several dozen manufacturing steps, with positioning of successive optically defined layers accurate to a fraction of a micrometer, all interconnected electrically, and... 

An important property of this or any electrical circuit is the rate that charge moves past a place in the circuit (e.g., out from or into a battery terminal). The electrical current (I) is defined to be the charge (Q) that flows, divided by the time (t) required for the flow I = Q/t. In S.I. units the current (I) is in amperes (A). 

Resistance (R,r) is an clement of an electric circuit that reacts to impede the flow of current. The basic unit of resistance is the ohm (fi), which is defined m terms of Ohm s taw as the ratio of potential difference to current, i e, ... 

Previously the analogy between electric fields and magnetic fields was introduced. Likewise, there are analogies between magnetic circuits and electric circuits. Figure 2-67 illustrates these analogies and allows us to define additional terms. In the electric circuit of Figure 2-67a Ohm s law applies, i.e.. 

The creation of microstmcture with well-defined electrical or optical properties is critical to the production of integrated circuits and recording materials. The processes used to define... 

Now an equivalent circuit, which takes into account both the ion transport along the TC and the charge transfer through the carbon electrode material to the current collector, may be represented as in Fig. 2, wherein N = a(c)/4r, Cm and Rm are the total NP capacitance and resistance in a unit electrode volume (defined here as a product of a unit electrode area and the tier thickness), Re is the electrical resistance of an electrode in the same unit... 

We found an equivalent electrical circuit that fits best the LixC6 electrode behavior at high frequency. The circuit consists of a resistor R in parallel with a constant phase element (CPE). The latter is defined with a pseudo-capacitance Q and a parameter a with 0< a <1 [6], The impedance of... 

With analogy to electric circuits, a transfer function of the antenna can be calculated and the response of the antenna to an incoming wave obtained. The output signal is usually expressed as antenna cross-section. It is defined as the ratio between the total energy absorbed by the antenna and the incident spectral density function of the incident wave. In the case of Nautilus antenna (2300 kg, 3 x 0.6 m) the cross-section is of the order of 10 25m2 Hz. 

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