Apparent power

T. Ushio, I. Shimura, and G. Tomiaago, IEEE Trans., Power Appar. Syst. 89, 2615 (1970). 

S. Tominaga, H. Kuwaharaand K. Hirooka, IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., 1979,98,2107. 

The power factor, which is always less than 100%, is a function of the phase difference between the current and voltage in a circuit. The apparent power in a circuit can he measured hy the basic volt and ammeter method. To distinguish apparent power from true power, apparent power is stated in units of volts-amperes. The true power, which is stated in units of watts, is measured by a wattmeter. 

Cullen also classified the specific operations and processes in terms of his affinity theory. In both analysis and synthesis, the primary tool of the chemist was the power apparently inherent in substances to combine together, but fire had a place in affinity theory too, promoting fusion or solution to enable the affinities to act [51] ... 

Another landing accident resulted from the pilot ineorrectly responding to a situation where the engine power apparently fluctuated during a run and he closed the throttle and carried out a precautionary landing in which the aircraft tipped over. One of the preconditions for this event seems to have been a loss of situational awareness on behalf of the pilot who committed to the eomse of action seemingly without consideration of alternatives. 

In some cases the atomic charges are chosen to reproduce thermodynamic properties calculated using a molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulation. A series of simulations is performed and the charge model is modified until satisfactory agreement with experiment is obtained. This approach can be quite powerful despite its apparent simplicity, but it is only really practical for small molecules or simple models. 

It is the third of these criteria that offers the most powerful insight into the nature of the polymerization process for this important class of materials. We shall frequently use the terms step-growth and condensation polymers as synonyms, although by the end of the chapter it will be apparent that step-growth polymerization encompasses a wider range of reactions and products than either criteria (1) or (2) above would indicate. 

A unique capability of induction heating is apparent in its abdity to heat the surface of a part to a high temperature whde the interior remains at room temperature. Proper selection of material, high frequency, and high power density can produce a thin surface hardness with a heat unaffected core (3). Figure 4 shows the cross section of a typical automotive shaft heated with 10 kH2 at various power densities. The required hardness depth is selected to... 

For non-Newtonian fluids the correlations in Figure 35 can be used with generally acceptable accuracy when the process fluid viscosity is replaced by the apparent viscosity. For non-Newtonian fluids having power law behavior, the apparent viscosity can be obtained from shear rate estimated by... 

Polymer melts are frequendy non-Newtonian. In this case the earlier expression given for the shear rate at the capillary wall does not hold. A correction factor (3n + 1)/4n, called the Rabinowitsch correction, must be appHed in such a way that equation 21 appHes, where 7 is the tme shear rate at the wall and nis 2l power law factor (eq. 22) determined from the slope of a log—log plot of the tme shear stress at the wad, T, vs 7. For a Newtonian hquid, n = 1. A tme apparent viscosity, Tj, can be calculated from equation 23. 

This confirms that although the tax paid will increase with inflation, the gain to the government is more apparent than real. It is interesting to note that although the tax paid corrected to its purchasing power in Year 0 is almost constant irrespective of the inflation rate, it does go through a maximum at an inflation rate of about 17 percent in this example. 

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