Effects on Bacillus subtili

The inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis is being reversed by high concentration of potassium salts (e.g. 0.2 M KCl). The reversion is specific for potassium salts. Addition of boromycin is followed by a discharge of potassium ions from the cells. The Na -activated ATPase of the cytoplasmic membrane is not influenced by boromycin. The degradation of boromycin through alkaline and acid hydrolysis leads to a loss of antibiotic activity, due to the boric acid splitting off from the molecule. 

Ahrmou, R, Jacques, R, Deleu, M. Surfactin and Iturin A effects on Bacillus subtilis surface hydrophobicity. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2001,27,749-754. 

Mutagenic activity. Petroleum ether extract of the aerial parts, in the ration of Drosophila at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 5% of the diet, was active . Petroleum ether extract of the dried leaf, administered by gastric intubation to male mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg, was active h Water and methanol extracts of the seed, on agar plate at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, were inactive on Bacillus subtilis H-17 (Rec+) and Salmonella typhimurium TAIOO and TA98. Metabolic activation had no effect on the results h... 

Salvatorelli, G., Marchetti, M. G., Betti, V., Rosaspina, S., and Finzi, G. 1996. Comparison of the effects of microwave radiation and conventional heating on Bacillus subtilis spores. Microbios 87 169-174. 

Table VI. Antibiotic effect of sucrose esters on Bacillus subtilis in petri dish bioassays6 ...

Schiller, C.T. M.A. Ellis F.D. Tenne J.B. Sinclair. Effect of Bacillus subtilis on soybean seed decay, germination, and stand inhibition. Plant Dis. Reporter 1977, 61, 213-217. 

But how do microorganisms behave in outer space Answers to this question require experiments to be carried out in space, as (however well they may try to simulate conditions in outer space) laboratory experiments are often considered to be artificial and unrealistic . Thus, microbes have been put on board a number of space vehicles and subjected to outer space conditions to probe the effect of various variables on the survival probability of Bacillus subtilis spores. 

The damaging effect of the UV irradiation is amplified in space by the additional effect on the cells of the ultrahigh vacuum Nicholson et al. (2000) provide additional information on the resistance of the Bacillus subtilis spores. 

Daughney CJ, Fein JB (1998) The effect of ionic strength on the adsorption of H+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ by Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis a surface complexation model. J Colloid Interface Sci 198 53-77... 

Daughney CJ, Fowle DA, Fortin D (2001) The effect of growth phase on proton and metal adsorption by Bacillus subtilis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65 1025-1035... 

Fein JB, Delea D (1999) Experimental study of the effect of EDTA on Cd adsorption by Bacillus subtilis-. a test of the chemical equilibrium approach. Chem Geol 161 375-383... 

Xanthine oxidase, a widely used source of superoxide, has been frequently applied for the study of the effects of superoxide on DNA oxidation. Rozenberg-Arska et al. [30] have shown that xanthine oxidase plus excess iron induced chromosomal and plasmid DNA injury, which was supposedly mediated by hydroxyl radicals. Ito et al. [31] compared the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis transforming DNA by potassium superoxide and the xanthine xanthine oxidase system. It was found that xanthine oxidase but not K02 was a source of free radical mediated DNA inactivation apparently due to the conversion of superoxide to hydroxyl radicals in the presence of iron ions. Deno and Fridovich [32] also supposed that the single strand scission formation after exposure of DNA plasmid to xanthine oxidase was mediated by hydroxyl radical formation. Oxygen radicals produced by xanthine oxidase induced DNA strand breakage in promotable and nonpromotable JB6 mouse epidermal cells [33]. 

Similar results were obtained in a study of the combined effect of ultrasound (20 kHz) and heat treatment on the survival of two strains of Bacillus subtilis in distilled water, glycerol and milk [17]. When spores, suspended in water or milk, were subjected to ultrasonic waves before heat treatment little or no decrease of the heat resistance was observed. However when heat and ultrasound were applied simultaneously the heat treatment times in milk were reduced by 74% for B. subtilis var, niger-40 and by 63 % for B. subtilis var, ATCC 6051 and similar results were obtained in glycerol. Thermosonication in water was more marked reducing the heat resistance of the spores by up to 99.9 % in the 70 - 95 °C range. The effect of thermosonication was slightly diminished to 75 % as the temperature reached the boiling point of water. 

The diazo group confers a broad spectrum of activity on the 2-substi-tuted indoles. In fact, 3-diazo-2-substituted indoles are effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Proteus vulgaris bacteria (65MI1), and 3-diazo-2-ethoxycarbo-nylindole inhibits sarcoma 180 in mice and rats (83KFZ1183). 

Ettayebi K et al (2006) Synergistic effects of nisin and thymol on antimicrobial activities in Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 18 191-195... 

Toda, T. et al.. New 6-0-acyl isoflavone glycosides from soybeans fermented with Bacillus subtilis (natto). I. 6-0-succinylated isoflavone glycosides and their preventive effects on bone loss in ovariectomized rats fed a calcium-deficient diet, Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 22, 1193, 1999. 

Thompson, D. N., Fox, S. L., Bala, G. A. (2001). The effect of pretreatments on surfactin production from potato process effluent by Bacillus subtilis. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, 93(1-3), 487-501. 

Tanaka, T. Kawata, M. Gloning and characterization of Bacillus subtilis iep, which has positive and negative effects on production of extracellular proteases. J. Bacteriol., 170, 3593-3600 (1988)... 

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