Bacillus subtilis spore

Ethylene oxide is able to inactivate all microorganisms. Bacterial spores are more resistant than vegetative cells, yeasts, and molds (287). Spores are 5 to 10 times more resistant than the vegetative cells (288). bacillus subtilis spores were the most resistant of those tested (289). Ethylene oxide was also shown to be vimcidal (290). 

But how do microorganisms behave in outer space Answers to this question require experiments to be carried out in space, as (however well they may try to simulate conditions in outer space) laboratory experiments are often considered to be artificial and unrealistic . Thus, microbes have been put on board a number of space vehicles and subjected to outer space conditions to probe the effect of various variables on the survival probability of Bacillus subtilis spores. 

More recent experiments on the ability of Bacillus subtilis spores to survive in space were carried out on behalf of NASA by the Russian FOTON satellite. The NASA appliance, BIOPAN, allowed various experiments to be carried out on the spores three flights were carried out, in 1994,1997 and 1999. An orbit took 90 minutes FOTON rotated, so that BIOPAN passed into and out of sunlight both during rotation and during each orbit. More exact details are given by Horneck et al., 2001. 

Table 11.1 Survival of Bacillus subtilis spores subjected in different missions to the ultra-high vacuum conditions (10 6—10 4 Pa) prevalent in outer space (Horneck et al., 2002b)...

It has been known for a long time that solar UV irradiation is the greatest danger for unprotected spores. A multilayer system with an aluminium covering, and containing added protective materials such as glucose (up to 10-4 M), had clear protective properties. The high resistance of the Bacillus subtilis spores is probably due to two effects ... 

The damaging effect of the UV irradiation is amplified in space by the additional effect on the cells of the ultrahigh vacuum Nicholson et al. (2000) provide additional information on the resistance of the Bacillus subtilis spores. 

Bacterial spores have been deliberately taken into space, in particular spores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Up to 70 per cent of the bacterial spores survive in the short term for approximately 10 days of exposure to space vacuum. The chances of survival in space are increased if the spores are embedded in chemical protection such as sugars, or salt crystals, or if they are exposed in thick layers. For example, 30 per cent of B. subtilis spores survived for nearly 6 years in space when embedded in salt crystals and 80 per cent survived in the presence of glucose. Bacillus subtilis spores in Dominican amber have remained viable for several million years. Transport to a friendly environment with a source of energy is all that is required for life to be seeded on this planet or the next. 

Munakata, N. Hieda, K. Kobayashi, K. Ito, A. Ito, T. Action spectra in ultraviolet wavelengths (150-250 nm) for inactivation and mutagenesis of Bacillus subtilis spores obtained with synchrotron radiation. Photochem. Photobiol. 1986, 44 (3), 385-390. 

Munakata, N. Saito, M. Hieda, K. Inactivation action spectra of Bacillus subtilis spores in extended ultraviolet wavelengths (50-300 nm) obtained with synchrotron radiation. Photo-chem. Photobiol. 1991, 54 (5), 761-768. 

Munakata, N. Action spectra for inactivation and mutagenesis of Bacillus subtilis spores in wavelength ranges between 0.1 and 300 nm. In Synchrotom Radiation in the Biosciences, Chance, B., Deisenhofer, J., Ebashi, S., Goodhead, D.T., Helliwell, J.R., Huxley, H.E., lizuka, T., Kirz, J., Mitsui, T., Rubenstein, E., Sakabe, N., Schmahl, G., Stuhrmann, H.B., Wuthrich, K., Zaccai, G., Eds. Oxford University Press, 1994 765-774. 

Bacillus subtilis (spores) ATCC 6633 or Micrococcus lutea ATCC 9341... 

Salvatorelli, G., Marchetti, M. G., Betti, V., Rosaspina, S., and Finzi, G. 1996. Comparison of the effects of microwave radiation and conventional heating on Bacillus subtilis spores. Microbios 87 169-174. 

Senthilkumar K, Grozema FC, Guerra CF, Bickelhaupt FM, Siebbeles LDA (2003) Mapping the sites for selective oxidation of guanines in DNA. J Am Chem Soc 125 13658-13659 Setlow B, Setlow P (1993) Binding of small, acid-soluble spore proteins to DNA plays a significant role in the resistance of Bacillus subtilis spores to hydrogen peroxide. Appl Environ Microbiol... 

Bacillus subtilis spores Trichosporon cutaneum Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Newcastle disease, Brucella melitensis Nephridium cells... 

Sesame oil may be sterilized by aseptic filtration or dry heat. It has been reported that suitable conditions for the sterilization of injections containing sesame oil are a temperature of 170°C for 2 hours it has been suggested that 150°C for 1 hour is inadequate. However, it has been demonstrated that dry heat sterilization of sesame oil at 150°C for 1 hour was sufficient to kill all added Bacillus subtilis spores. ... 

Huang, M.-J. and Bodor, N. (1994). Quantitative Structure-Inhibitory Activity Relationships of Substituted Phenols on Bacillus Subtilis Spore Germination. Int.J.Quant.Chem., 181-185. 

Sergeev N, Distler M, Varga M, Chizhikov V, Herold KE, Rasooly A (2006) Microarray analysis of Bacillus cereus group virulence factors. J Microbiol Meth 65 488-502 Setlow B, Setlow P (1998) Heat kilhng of Bacillus subtilis spores in water is not due to oxidative damage. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 4109-4112... 

FIGURE 14.21. Time required to inactivate Bacillus subtilis spores with glutaraldehyde as a function of temperature... 

In 1944, Foster et al. were one of the first groups to develop an agar diffusion test for the determination of penicillin in liquid samples. Agar seeded with Bacillus subtilis spores was added to a petri dish. Sterile glass cups were then filled with liquid samples containing different concentrations of penicillin and placed on the... 

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