Study Conclusions

Each year about 242 million tires are scrapped. Current trends indicate that less than 7 percent of these tires are being recycled as products and 11 percent are being burned for energy, and 5 percent are being exported. The rest are being landfilled, stockpiled, or dumped illegally. 

Recycling rubber from tires for use in asphalt pavements is a promising technology. Asphalt pavements incorporating tire rubber are claimed to have twice the lifetime of ordinary asphalt, but they can cost twice as much. Pavements with crumb rubber additives consume over one million tires per year now, and both asphalt-rubber and rubber modified asphalt concrete have considerable potential for expansion. If Federal, state, and local governments promote much broader use and demonstration of this technology, perhaps the technical issues will be resolved and usage will expand. 

The replacement of coal by tire-derived-fuel appears economically feasible for cement kilns. Seven such kilns are currently operating in the U.S., consuming the equivalent of about 6 million tires per year between them. There is potential for this use to expand further, particularly for those cement kilns whose feed systems are compatible with the use of TDF. 

Other uses of tires are sometimes feasible for specialized geographic conditions. Cape May County, New Jersey uses 100,000 tires per year, which is 100 percent of its scrap tires, for artificial reefs. The State of Minnesota has used about a million of its tires since 1986 for roads in swampy areas. 

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However, Lin et al. (1996) stated that the study conclusion may be limited by the inability to control for some confounders such as marital status or contraceptive use. 

Weintraub, M., et al. Long term Weight Control Study Conclusions, Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics 51(1992) 619-633. 

In the subchronic inhalation study of 1,2-dibromoethane in rodents conducted by NTP (1982), eye irritation was noted at study conclusion (weeks 12 and 13) in mice receiving the highest concentration (75 ppm). 

Measurements on single crystals of lower symmetry doped with NpO or PuOl" " should remove this uncertainty but no such experiment has been performed so far. However, the distinction between configurations (a) and (b) has been possible in an electron paramagnetic resonance study at 20 K on a single uniaxial crystal of RbU02(N03)3 doped with plutonyl ions. This study conclusively showed that the ground state is H4 with gy = 5.4 and g = 0 28). 

DNA Microarrays for Transcription Profiling Tumor Tissue Microarray and Proteomic Profiling Of Protein Kinases Molecular Profiling for Cancer Therapeutics New Guidelines For Reporting Tumor Marker Studies Conclusions References... 

The questions of market insecurity and market price reminds me of a study the ESCOE recently completed. We were asked to do a coal fuel cycle study. The study was an examination of all the possible ways that coal from a mine could be processed and transported to deliver energy to "the city gate." After many, many pages of looking at all of the alternatives and the best estimates of price that go along with these, we were asked if it was possible to reduce the study conclusions to a single sentence. The answer is "Yes. The cheapest way to use coal is to burn it."... 

Methodologies can be tailored to the unique characteristics of the study exposure(s) or other population/host factors that might impact study conclusions. Efforts aimed at identifying a minimal data set essential for the analysis of most environmental exposures and health outcomes would be informative for investigators and allow for regional comparisons. All new methodologies will need to be sensitive to cultural, gender, and racial/ethnicity-related issues. 

The initial part of this study conclusively pointed out the desirability, if not the necessity, of including a biocide as an essential ingredient of a... 

The data analyses should include appropriate statistical analysis usually involving analysis of variance, calculations of power analysis, 95% confidence intervals, and ratio analysis. The details of pharmacokinetic parameter calculations, including pharmacokinetic models and equations used, should be adequately described and referenced. A brief summary of study conclusions should be provided. 

To aid in the review of phase 2 data, the sponsor must prepare a summary separately presenting the results and conclusions for each investigation or multi-investigator study conclusions should be supported by appropriate statistical analyses. When results from more than one institution or investigator are presented under a single protocol, the information should be summarized so that data from each investigator or institution can be readily identified. 

Several in vivo and in vitro studies conclusively demonstrate that benzene can be absorbed through human skin (Blank and McAuliffe 1985 Franz 1984 Susten et al. 1985 Tsuruta 1989). In general, skin absorption is considered a minor source of concern in the occupational environment as it occurs at a much lower rate and extent compared with benzene absorption through the respiratory system (OSHA 1989). However, benzene absorption through the skin as a result of benzene contamination in rubber solvents is a major route of exposure in tire building operations (Susten et al. 1985). Benzene is an irritant to the skin and, by defatting the keratin layer, may cause erythema, vesiculation, and dry and scaly dermatitis... 

Michael Springborg Introduction Fundamental methods Recent studies Conclusions... 

Fig. 8 Temperature dependency of Arrhenius constants from three studies CONCLUSIONS...

Context Selective data presentations or claims that distort study findings, or that are out of context with study conclusions, are not acceptable. 

Assuming that studies are needed, then patients with mild or moderate renal failure (estimated creatinine clearances 50-80 and 30-50 ml min-1, respectively) must be studied. Age-, sex-, diet- and smoking-matched controls for the disease state being treated should be used, rather than young, fit volunteers, in order to avoid false-positive study conclusions. 

In summary, the selection of subjects to be enrolled in the trial using a list of entrance criteria is an important tool that helps to sharpen the signal-to-noise ratio, thus making the study more powerful. It also helps in understanding the extent to which the study conclusions can be generalized to a broader population of patients than those studied under the clinical trial s artificial conditions. 

When evaluating published pharmacoeconomic studies, the following factors should be considered study objective, study perspective, pharmacoeconomic method, study design, choice of interventions, costs and consequences, discounting, study results, sensitivity analysis, study conclusions, and sponsorship. 

Researchers should assist the reader in extrapolating study conclusions to clinical practice. The conclusions drawn from the study... 

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