Acute Human Toxicity

No reports are available that deseribe aeute human lethal or severe effect exposures to CK under known exposure eonditions [te. eoncentration and duration). For data on sublethal effeets in healthy humans, there are two primary WWII sources Horton et al. (1943) and Anderson (1944).  

Horton et al. (1943) exposed five groups of five to seven volunteers to separate concentrations of CK ranging from 6.1 to 97.6 mg m and determined the following 3 min 100% effective eoneentrations (ECiooS)  

The authors concluded that CK was detectable by irritation of the eyes within 3 min at concentrations much less than those considered lethal for humans. 

Anderson (1944) performed a series of human volunteer tests (six male soldiers per group) using a 100 m chamber, and reported that in humans CK is first detectable by its lachrymator effect between 0.54 and 2.6 mg m . At 17 mg m painful blepharospasm is produced, and concentrations greater than 400 mg m are judged to be immediately intolerable due to respiratory irritation. Based on the results of Anderson, Harrison (1944) concluded that the harassing concentration for offensive purposes may be taken as 20 mg m .  

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National Research Council. Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents. Washington, DC National Academy Press, 1997. 

There are critical needs with regard to protecting the environment (Medina, 1996). The use of solvents introduces stresses on ecosystems, ultimately on the global level. More testing for acute human toxicity is needed, but increasingly, researchers will strive to include effects on entire ecosystems, and long-term, multigenerational effects on fertility, reproductive quality, and hormonal functions. Any solvent that leads to environmental problems, that can be persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative, or any combination of these three attributes, needs to be evaluated (Division, 1996). This... 

Acute animal toxicity resembles acute human toxicity. A unique effect of magnesium when introduced in small amounts into the skin of animals has been called gas gangrene or magnesiogenous pneumagran-uloma . Necrosis and tumor-like formation are caused by the production of hydrogen and magnesium hydroxide when metallic magnesium reacts with water of body fluids. 

The summary table in the report by SRC (which is included here as Appendix 4) did not list all the human health effects included in the text of the report, including acute human toxicity, systemic/organ effects, skin sensitization, skin or eye irritation/corrosion, and immune system effects. SRC s conclusions for these hazards, as well as the hazards... 

Acute Human Toxicant Chemical that causes harm to humans after short-term exposures. Harm can occur when chemical is inhaled, swallowed, or comes in contact with skin or eye. 

National Research Council, Alternative Technologies for the Destruction of Chemical Agents and Munitions, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1993. National Research Council, Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1997. National Research Council, Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, Vol. 1, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1997. 

The lowest observed acute effect level (LOAEL) for acute human toxicity is approximately 0.05 mg/kg, a dose associated with gastrointestinal distress in some individuals. 

The coumarin anticoagulants act slowly it takes several days for the full effect to develop accordingly, acute human toxicity of these compounds is unusual. 

R. W. Bide, S. J. Armour and E. Yee, GB toxicity reassessed using newer techniques for estimation of human toxicity from animal inhalation toxicity data new method for estimating acute human toxicity (GB),/. Appl Toxicol, 2005, 25, 393-409. 

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