Economics general comments

United Nations Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (UNCESCR). 2000. General Comment 14 The right to the highest attainable standard of health (Art. 12). U.N. Doc. E/C.12/2000/4. 

The choice of the CVD system configuration is determined by a number of factors the choice of reactants used in the process, the purity demands of the final deposit, the size and shape of the substrate, and the economics of the process. Some general comments on system design follow. 

CERD General Comment The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has adopted a General Comment on self-determination even though the Convention does not mention self-determination. The Committee points out that self-determination has an internal and an external aspect. Internal self-determination concerns the economic, social and culmral development while external self-determination means freely determining the political stams. ... 

Because economic conditions are highly site specific, generalized comments will be made in subsequent chapters only as indicators of what can be done. Detailed economics cannot be presented without a high potential to be misleading. Case studies, however, are presented for each fuel selected in order to show the possibilities as well as the technical possibilities. 

The potential commercial applications of LNR have been exhaustively studied in a project sponsored by the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) at the Rubber Research Institute of Africa (IRCA), Invory Coast, in 1985. Tlie physical properties of LNR and related products, and the relevant economics are the main factors considered in evaluating the applicability of LNR. Table 4 lists some of the important applications explored and general comments about the products. 

Certain treatment systems fall in the category of cement-pozzolanic processes and have been in use for some time outside the U.S. In these systems, both cement and lime-siliceous materials are used in combination to give the best and most economical containment for the specific waste being treated In general, the bulk of the comments (under both classifications above) hold for techniques using a combination of treatment materials. 

GENERAL CHAIRMAN PELOFSKY In presenting your economics on your various processes, I noted that you included the price of coal as an operating cost. When we talk about commercialization, we are talking about anywhere from 15,000-20,000 tons per day of coal. I would like you to comment on whether (for mines) it is proper to consider coal as an operating cost when, in fact, you will need a dedicated amount. And if you are going to have a dedicated amount, isnft it more proper to include it as a capital cost ... 

I now return to the motivation behind capitalist innovation. If we assume that the capitalist is a consistent profit-maximizer, he will innovate maximally within the feasible set to the extent that it is known to him. Marx has little to say about the detenninants of the latter. In particular, he does not mention the vast extension of the set of economically-as distinct from technically - profitable inventions that were brought about by the introduction of the patent system. He does offer, however, some comments on the motivation behind capitalist innovation that are more specific than the rather general statement quoted above. These concern, first, the impact of technical change on the class struggle, and, secondly, the suboptimal consequences of the profit-maximizing criterion of innovation. The first problem is also linked to the issue of maximizing vs. satisficing" discussed in 1.2.1. 

They have also requested that the Secretariat keep the format of the List imder continuing review. The present questionnaire has been prepared with a view to obtaining this information, which will be reported to the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly comments regarding the format of the List will be taken into account in the preparation of future editions. 

Comments While initially the prevention of adverse effects of herbicides on economically valuable plants was a major task, current plant toxicity testing concentrates on the assessment of chemicals in general. However, the selection of test species included in guidelines is still predominantly based on crop species representing a limited number of families. Assessment of soil that serves as habitat for plants may require ecologically important species other than annual crops. 

Costs are related to material prices, output speeds, wastage, machine depreciation, downtimes, etc. (see below). Depending on the choice of material, blister packs of the push-through variety can be as economical as glass bottles in quantities up to around ninety items per pack. At quantities below twenty-five items, there are positive cost advantages in most cases. Both these comments must be accepted as rather general statements—the actual break-even point has to be calculated for each set of circumstances. The above indications assume that both a glass bottle and the blisters have to be packed into cartons, with a CRC fitted to the bottle pack. 

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