Highest attainable standard

Purity 1.2.1 Broad-based highest attainable standard... 

Keeping in view the various methods of manufacture of a pharmaceutical substance vis-a-vis its standards of purity, types of impurity and changing pattern of stability, a broad-based highest attainable standard is always fixed. A few typical examples are stated below ... 

United Nations Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (UNCESCR). 2000. General Comment 14 The right to the highest attainable standard of health (Art. 12). U.N. Doc. E/C.12/2000/4. 

Contrary to that trend, one of the new proposals following the AZT cases was the introduction of standards in research. This initiative was expressed through different formulations. One of the clearest was the new "highest attainable and sustainable" criterion as a standard of care, proposed by Robert Levine (1999) in an article in the New England fournal of Medicine. As this bioethicist was also a member of the drafting committee of the Declaration of Helsinki, it was introduced into one of its first drafts. 

Another potential application of the plasma jet in the chemical industry was demonstrated at the National Bureau of Standards recently Margoshes and Scribner (M2) developed a plasma jet spectrograph. Water solutions of metal ions where atomized in a helium plasma, and the emission spectra were recorded. The primary advantage of the plasma jet as a spectroscopic source is its ability to excite elements which are stable at the highest attainable temperatures of chemical flames. 

The procedure for carrying out co-condensation reactions is now fairly standard. The metal may be vaporized from a small electrically heated crucible [281], temperatures of about 1800°C being the highest attainable in normal practice by this method. Induction heating of the crucible has also been employed [282]. Methods based upon the use of intense focused electron beams to cause local heating and evaporation are also described [283, 284]. The possibility of the formation of ionized or electronically excited species when electron beams are used to vaporize the metal must not be overlooked. 

In order to test the measuring system and verify the measuring principle, measurements were initially conducted using steel balls and then with non-spherical, but regularly-shaped particles. The measurements with the steel balls allow an assessment of whether the three optical sub-systems operate to an absolutely equivalent standard. From the results, one can also assess the highest attainable measuring reproducibility, the accuracy and resolution of such a system (i.e. in the absence of any shape influence). 

This illustrates the need for an agreed national standard for product specification, which provides assurance of the highest pressure likely to be attained in service from knowledge of ambient conditions. Against this knowledge. 

The highest degree of purity is attained by using apparatus with standard ground joints (see e.g. Fig. 47) its sole disadvantage is its rather high price. 

It is, however, pertinent to mention here that pharmaceutical chemicals must maintain a very high degree of chemical purity. It is quite obvious that a state of absolute purity may not be achievable, but a sincere effort must be exercised to obtain the maximum freedom from foreign substances. Bearing in mind the exorbitant operational costs to attain the highest standards of purity, perhaps some of these processes are not economically viable. Therefore, a compromise has got to be made to strike a balance between the purity of a substance at a reasonably viable cost and at the same time its purity e.g.. being fully acceptable for all pharmaceutical usages. 

Older work has similar accuracy to that discussed for GHO compounds, and a fair amount of modern work not of the highest precision is available. Some examples of the situation are given below. For / -nitraniline. Cole and Gilbert give 759-34 kcal mole i for - A//r, whereas the value quoted by Kharasch z in his 1929 compilation is 761-0 kcal, differing by less than 0-25 per cent. Typical precision attained by modern work in the Griffin-Sutton bomb calorimeter is shown by that quoted by Coates and Sutton 8 Oj who standardized their bomb with benzoic acid and obtained a value of hippuric acid 0-15 per cent greater than that of Huffman 33,... 

To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-h average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.08 ppm. 

The role of chemical analysis and materials characterization has become a central one in advanced IC fabrication. Starting materials, the raw semiconductor wafer, as well as each gas, liquid, and solid used in the processing sequence are coming under increasing scrutiny to assure the highest standards of purity. As a result, analytical methods for bulk chemicals and materials are often used at their lowest attainable detection limits, and techniques are being developed to meet new demands. 

From the rather limited data reported by Matsumura [10], Sun [11], and Zhang [17], the pipecolinic acid derived catalyst 20 and the sulfinamide 46 appear to exhibit the highest enantioselectivities, similar to those attained with Sigamide 35[12]. However, the substrate portfolio [12h[ explored with the latter catalyst is much broader (Tables 4.3 4.7) so that a rigorous comparison cannot be made at present. Further more, Sigamide has performed consistently well at the standard 5 mol% loading and in selected examples was shown to operate with the same efficiency even when as little as 1 mol% had been used. Most of the catalysts listed in Tables 4.1, 4.2... 

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