Probabilistic ecological risk assessments distributions

Aldenberg, T., Jaworska, J.S., Traas, T.P. (2002). Normal species sensitivity distributions and probabilistic ecological risk assessment. In Posthuma, L., Suter II, G.W. and Traas, T.P., Species Sensitivity, Distributions in Ecotoxicology Boca Raton CRC Press, USA. 

Aldenberg T, Jaworska JS, Traas TP. 2002. Normal species sensitivity distributions in probabilistic ecological risk assessment. In Posthuma L, Suter GW, Traas TP, editors. Species sensitivity distributions in ecotoxicology. Boca Raton (FL) Lewis Publishers, p 49-102. 

Whenever appropriate, and in line with the probabilistic concept of risk, probability distributions are used in ecological risk assessment of mixtures. This applies to the assessment of exposure (e.g., the probabilistic application of multimedia fate models see Hertwich et al. 1999 Ragas et al. 1999 MacLeod et al. 2002), as well as to the assessment of effects, especially the SSD approach. Recent developments (both conceptually and practically) suggest that joint probability assessments (looking at exposure and effects distributions simultaneously) are applied more frequently. This relates to the refined questions being posed, but also to theory development (e.g., Aldenberg et al. 2002) and technical facilitation by software (e.g., Van Vlaardingen et al. 2004). 

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