Dunaliella

Ben-Amotz, A., Katz, A., and Avron, M., Accumulation of 3-carotene in halotolerant algae pnrification and characterization of P -carotene-rich globules from Dunaliella bardawil (chlorophyceae), J. Physiol, 18, 529, 1982. 

Hejazi, M.A. et al.. Selective extraction of carotenoids from the microalga Dunaliella salina with retention of viability, Biotechnol Bioeng., 79, 29, 2002. 

Hejazi, M.A., Holwerda, E., and Wijffels, R.H., Milking microalga Dunaliella salina for P-carotene production in two-phase bioreactors, Biotechnol Bioeng., 85, 475, 2004. 

P-Carotene from Dunaliella Microalga Salty but Effective.402... 

Carotenoids from Dunaliella Natural versus Synthetic (3-Carotene... 

Natural (3-carotene contains numerous carotenoids and essential nutrients that are not present in synthetic (3-carotene. Natural (3-carotene can be consumed in larger quantities because body tissues regulate its use. Natural sources generally contain one or two carotenoids in lower concentrations and thus may not be suitable for all applications. However Dunaliella contains a range of carotenoids with wider applications. 

Other applications — P-carotene is used in various pet foods as both a colorant and a precursor to vitamin A. It can be applied to an array of animal foods designed for dogs, cats, fish, and birds. The antioxidant and precursory vitamin A properties increase the appeal and application of P-carotene in pet foods. Additionally, P-carotene is an important carotenoid that may assist in improving the color of birds, fish, and crustaceans. Dunaliella salina can serve as a source of algal feed for fish and crustaceans. The microalgae provide carotenoids that are essential for flesh coloring, particularly of salmon and crustaceans. 

Algae can be cultivated easily and quickly when compared to plants. They produce very high quantities of carotenoids compared to other sources (3.0 to 5.0% w/w on a dry weight basis). They contain both cis and trans isomers of carotenoids for high bioavailability and bioefflcacy, and also contain oxygenated carotenoids (xantho-phylls), which have greater bioactivity and better anticancer properties. The proteins from Dunaliella biomass can be utilized for bread and other products and whole cells can be utilized for animal, poultry, and fish foods because they are safe. ... 

Parry s Agro Ltd. is the major industry in India producing Dunaliella as well as p-carotene for pharmaceutical purposes. Another Indian company producing Dunaliella is ABC Biotech Ltd. located in Tamil Nadu. Small commercial plants are located in Chile, Mexico, Cuba, Iran, Taiwan, and Japan. The following companies actively engage in cultivating Dunaliella for commercial purposes ... 

Dunaliella natural P-carotene is distributed widely in many different markets under three categories p-carotene extracts, Dunaliella powder for human use, dried Dunaliella for feed use. Extracted purified P-carotene is sold mostly in vegetable oil in bulk concentrations from 1 to 20% to color various food products and for personal use in soft gels usually containing 5 mg P-carotene per gel. Purified natural p-carotene is generally accompanied by the other Dunaliella carotenoids, primarily lutein, neoxanthin, zeaxan-thin, violaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, and a-carotene for a total of approximately 15% of carotene concentration. This compound is marketed as carotenoids mix. ... 

Lobbying by other P-carotene producers — In addition to approvals of mixed carotenes from palm oil, P-carotene from Dunaliella microalgae, and other natural products, the EU Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General was asked for an opinion on the safety of P-carotene from a dried biomass source, obtained from a fermentation process with Blakeslea trispora for use as a coloring matter for foodstuffs. 

Synthetic pigments traditionally used by food processors continue to be utilized with success however, with the increasing consumer preference for natural food additives, natural colorants from plants now present big business and most of the research efforts within the scientific field of colorants are conducted on natural materials. Among microalgal production methods, marine background is a very positive aspect in the success of P-carotene produced by Dunaliella salina. 

Avron, M. and Ben-Amotz, A., Dunaliella Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CRC Rress, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 

Villar, R. et al., Effects of Phaeodactylum tricomutum and Dunaliella tertiolecta extracts on the central nervous system, Planta Med., 58, 405, 1992. 

Lers, A., Biener, Y, and Zamir, A., Photoinduction of massive (3-carotene accumulation by the alga Dunaliella bardawil kinetics and dependence on gene activation, Plant Physiol, 93, 389, 1990. 

Jahnke, L.S., Massive carotenoid accumnlation on Dunaliella bardawil indnced by ultraviolet-A radiation, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol, 48, 68, 1999. 

Mokady, S., Abramovici, A., and Cogan, U., The safety evaluation of Dunaliella bardawil as a potential food supplement. Food Chem. Toxicol, 27, 221, 1989. 

The current production of microalgae is mainly focused around a few species, such as Spirulim, Chlorella, Dunaliella or Haematococcus for nutritional purposes (for humans) and animal feed (especially aquaculture). Other sectors, such as cosmetics, effluent treatment and bioenergy, have shown interest, incorporating these or other species of microalgae and cyanobacteria into commercial products. Currently, 95% of the production of microalgae is based on open systems... 

Accumulation of organotin compounds in freshwater alga, Sc (Scenedesmus obliquus), and marine alga, Du (Dunaliella salina), is shown in Table 13. It was found that freshwater and marine algae accumulated organotin at a very high level81. 

BCF = (cone, of TBT in algae [pg g 1 /(cone. of TBT in supernatant medium 111 g g i. Sc denotes Scenedesmus obliquus-, Du denotes Dunaliella salina. 

Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. Second edition. Volume II Specific Metals. Elsevier, New York. Abalde, J., A. Cid, S. Reisiz, E. Torres, and C. Herrero. 1995. Response of the marine macroalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophycea) to copper toxicity in short time experiments. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54 317-324. 

Visviki, L. and J.W. Rachlin. 1994a. Acute and chronic exposure of Dunaliella salina and Chlamydomonas bullosa to copper and cadmium effects on growth. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26 149-153. 

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