Dual facilities

Use of dual facilities—specialized and flexible In this approach, a firm uses both specialized and flexible facilities. Specialized facilities produce a relatively stable output of products over time in an efficient manner. Flexible facilities produce a widely varying volume and variety of products, but at a higher unit cost. For instance, an electronics component manufacturer might have specialized facilities for each type of circuit board as well as a flexible facility that can manufacture all types of circuit boards. Each specialized facility can produce at a relatively steady rate, with fluctuations being absorbed by the flexible facility. 

In which industries would you tend to see dual facility types (some facilities focusing on only one type of product and others able to produce a wide variety) In which industries would this be relatively rare Why ... 

Prime movers are typically fueled by natural gas or diesel. Dual fuel turbine units exist that can run on natural gas and can automatically switch to diesel. So-called dual fuel reciprocating engines run on a mixture of diesel and natural gas. When natural gas is not available, they can automatically switch to 100% diesel. Most prime movers associated with producing facilities are typically natural gas fueled due to the ready availability of fuel. Diesel fueled machines are typically used to provide stand-by power or power for intermittent or emergency users such as cranes, stand-by generators, firewater pumps, etc. 

Audits and surveys yield two reports one to the facility reviewed and one to the PSM team. While this dual reporting maybe more time-consuming than simply collating information for future reference, it is likely to be time well spent. Providing audit or survey results (appropriately condensed to protect confidentiality) to facility managers not only provides valuable feedback, but also helps to underscore their involvement in the PSM initiative. 

The concrete block walls of the cell housing the generator tube and associated components are 1.7 meters thick. The facility also includes a Kaman Nuclear dual-axis rotator assembly for simultaneous transfer and irradiation of reference and unknown sample, and a dual Na iodide (Nal) scintillation detector system designed for simultaneous counting of activated samples. Automatic transfer of samples between load station to the rotator assembly in front of the target, and back to the count station, is accomplished pneumatically by means of two 1.2cm (i.d.) polyethylene tubes which loop down at both ends of the system and pass underneath the concrete shielding thru a pipe duct. Total one-way traverse distance for the samples is approx 9 meters. In performing quantitative analysis for a particular element by neutron activation, the usual approach is to compare the count rates of an unknown sample with that of a reference standard of known compn irradiated under identical conditions... 

Because of their compact size, packaged vertical boilers can be custom-designed as a complete boiler plant system and simply shipped to the customer on a steel skid or platform. This type of system may comprise a dual boiler arrangement, with a pretreatment unit (water-softening and chemical-feed system), boiler blowdown and condensate return facilities, and also possibly a dual stack containing an economizer. This type of packaged system may reach 85% GCV efficiency. 

Dual or triple media filters are used to provide a coarse to fine filtration facility. Where an anthracite-sand media bed is employed, the anthracite, which is half the density of sand, acts as a roughing filter prior to the finer sand bed. The larger and irregular voids within the anthracite bed are particularly suitable for the removal of floes, and filtration occurs deep within the bed. Where fine crystalline precipitates of calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate occur, smaller grain sizes may be employed without risk of high head loss or low filter rates. 

The one-electron oxidation of enol silyl ether donor (as described above) generates a paramagnetic cation radical of greatly enhanced homolytic and electrophilic reactivity. It is the unique dual reactivity of enol silyl ether cation radicals that provides the rich chemistry exploitable for organic synthesis. For example, Snider and coworkers42 showed the facile homolytic capture of the cation radical moiety by a tethered olefinic group in a citronellal derivative to a novel multicyclic derivative from an acyclic precursor (Scheme 8). 

Facility to attach functional targeting or probe molecules -sugars, proteins, 2-nitroimidazoles, fluorophores, 18F radiolabel (for multinuclide imaging), cytotoxins (for dual mode imaging/therapy - is desirable. 

In some cases radiation shields are provided to protect against heat effects from fire incidents and operation requirements. The shields usually are of two styles either a dual layer wire mesh screen or a plexy-giass see through barrier. The shields provide a barrier from the effects of radiant heat for specific levels. They are most often used for protection against flare heat and for barriers at fixed firewater monitor devices, most notably at the helidecks of offshore facilities. 

All fixed fire suppression system control valves should be located out of the fire hazard area but still within reach of manual activation. For high hazard areas (such as offshore facilities), dual feeds to fire suppression systems should be considered from opposite areas. For onshore facilities, firewater isolation valve handles should not be contained within a valve pit or a below grade enclosure within the vicinity of hydrocarbon process facilities, since heavy process vapors travel from the process and may settle inside. 

The dual role of -hcxanc as a component of refined petroleum fuels and as a highly refined, specialized product for other end uses lead to complications in making estimates of actual production levels. For instance, no formal production statistics could be identified associated with the -hexane contained in heating or motor fuels. Since the late 1980s, no quantitative production figures have been available for those companies documented as producing appreciable amounts of -hexanc for commercial use (SRI 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996). The following six facilities are currently documented as producers... 

Microbial resistance to established organic antibiotics is a potentially serious problem and provides an impetus for the development of novel antimicrobial metal compounds. The potency of Ag(I) ions is well known—but how does Ag(I) kill a bacterium Much current attention is focused on Bi(III) on account of its ability to kill Helicobacter pylori, an organism which prevents ulcers from healing. Bis-muth(III) chemistry has many unusual features a variable coordination number, strong bonds to alkoxide ligands, the stereochemical role of its 6s2 lone pair, facile formation of polymers, and dual hard and soft character. 

Biological terrorism is a unique threat because of its dual-use nature, evolving technologies, and political factors. The production of vaccines, for instance, requires the growth and subsequent death of viruses or bacteria. A certain veterinary vaccine facility in Russia is capable of producing 12 metric tons of... 

A facility that conducts both GLP-regulated and non-GLP-regulated studies should think carefully about attempting to maintain a dual standard in any one laboratory or with any one group of laboratory workers. In the author s experience, such a dual standard is very difficult to maintain without carryover of non-GLP standards to GLP-regulated work. In such a case it may be far better to maintain a general GLP standard (e.g., data collection, record keeping) for all work in the laboratory, but perhaps allow exceptions for the non-GLP studies in areas such as quality assurance (QA) inspections and analytical requirements for test and control articles and article/carrier mixtures. 

Production of wet crude had been a growing fiald problem ir. Kuwait. Trie need to treat wet crude was felt for quite some time. Application of right technology and installation of proper desalting facilities were needed to solve this problem. Thus It was decided to Install electrostatic desalting plants progressively in Kuwait s oil fields. By the end of 1986, Ita plants, (6 conventional (AC] and 8 dual polarity (AC/DC)2 with a total capacity of over 790,000 STB/D of treated crude have been Installed. 

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