Dual layer

The tables were based upon the cost of energy at the end of the first year, a 10 percent inflation rate on energy costs, a 15 percent interest cost, and a present-worth pretax profit of 40 percent per annum on the last increment of insulation thickness. Dual-layer insulation was used for 3l/2-in and greater thicknesses. The tables and a full explanation of their derivation appear in a paper by F. L. Rubin (op. cit.). Alternatively, the selected thicknesses have a payback period on the last nominal l/2-in increment of 1.44 years as presented in a later paper by Rubin [ Can You Justify More Piping Insiilation Hydrocarbon Process., 152-155 (July 1982)]. 

Example 2 For 16-in pipe at 343 C (650 F) with energy valued at 5/million Btu, select 2i/2-in insulation indoors [use 3-in thickness at 371 C (700 F)]. Outdoors choose 3-in insulation [use 3i/2-in dual-layer insulation at 538 C (IGOO F)]. 

Figure 8. Sensing resistance of the Ti02/Pt0-Pt dual-layer sensor vs. time for exposures of air containing 2.0% H2. (Reprinted from Ref [17], 2002, with permission from American Chemical Society.)...

Nivens D., Schiza M., Angel S., Multilayer sol-gel membranesfor optical sensing applications single layer pH and dual layer CO2 and NH3 sensors, Talanta 2002 58 543-550. 

In some cases radiation shields are provided to protect against heat effects from fire incidents and operation requirements. The shields usually are of two styles either a dual layer wire mesh screen or a plexy-giass see through barrier. The shields provide a barrier from the effects of radiant heat for specific levels. They are most often used for protection against flare heat and for barriers at fixed firewater monitor devices, most notably at the helidecks of offshore facilities. 

The primary effect of the anode modification on the enhancement in luminous efficiency and the increased stability of OLEDs can be attributed to an improved hole-electron current balance. By choosing an interlayer with a suitable thickness of a few nanometers, anode modification enables engineering of the interface electronic properties. The above results indicate that conventional dual-layer OLEDs of ITO/NPB/Alq3/cathode have an inherent weakness of instability that can be improved by the insertion of an ultrathin interlayer between ITO and HTL. The improvements are attributed to an improved ITO-HTL interfacial quality and a more balanced hole electron current that enhances the OLED performance. 

SSZ-13 Sheath Ultem Core Ultem and Matrimid Silane coupling Dual layer hollow fiber Gas separations (e.g.. O2/N2) [75]... 

Thin-film composite mixed-matrix membranes can be made by a coating method or by a dual-layer co-extrusion technology, as discussed in Section 11.5.2.2. 

Dual-layer polyethersulfone (PES)/BTDA-TD1/MD1 co-polyimide (P84) hollow fiber membranes with a submicron PES-zeolite beta mixed matrix dense-selective layer for... 

Figure 4.13 Charge transport materials for dual layer photoconductors.

Note that this is a very simplified case. A liquid junction, dual-layer insulator, trapped charges in the insulator, surface states at the insulator/semiconductor interface, channel doping profile, and multiple connecting metals have been omitted, for the sake of simplicity. They would be present in all real devices and situations, but would not affect the thought analysis in any significant way. 

J. Brinker, C.-Y. Tsai and Y. Lu, Inorganic Dual-Layer Microporous Supported Membranes, US Patent 6,536,604 (March 2003). 

Figure 7.13 SEM images of a dual-layer hollow fiber with zeolite insert. Enlargement reveals good polymer adhesion to the zeolite particles (Adapted from Ref. [62]).

Husain, S. (2006). Mixed Matrix Dual Layer Hollow Fiber Membranes for Natural Gas Separation, in Chemical Biomolecular Engineering, PhD Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology. 

DVB/Carboxen-PDMS is a multiple-component bipolar phase that contains a combination of DVB-PDMS (50 pm) layered over Carboxen-PDMS (30 pm) [55,137], This arrangement expands the analyte molecular weight range, because larger analytes are retained in the meso- and macropores of the outer DVB layer, while the micropores in the inner layer of Carboxen retain smaller analytes [55], The dual-layered phase is used for extraction of odor compounds and volatile and semivolatile flavor compounds with GC analysis. DVB sorbents have a high affinity for small amines consequently, the combination coating of DVB over Carboxen is the best sorbent choice for extracting isopropylamine [138],... 

Plasma oxide has found utility in high-frequency applications for dual-layer isolation,8 because of its low dielectric constant and high breakdown voltage. Also, it is in compression when deposited, so that it can be used as the dielectric when thick films (2 to 5 microns) are needed. Such thick films when deposited by thermal CVD (which is deposited in tension) tend to crack. One final advantage to the use of plasma oxide rather than plasma nitride is that... 

The secondary reformer in an ammonia plant is a carbon steel vessel with a dual layer refractory lining. Internal temperatures reach -2,000°F (1,090°C) from burning as a result of air added through a burner at the top of the vessel to the feed gas (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and steam). The burner is a refractory-lined device that is subject to failure if not carefully designed. Quench steam generators have refractory-lined inlet channels and tube sheets. Tubes are often made of carbon steel because the heat transfer from the steam on the outside of the tube is markedly better than that from the synthesis gas inside the tube. As a result, the metal temperature closely approaches the temperature of the steam. The inlet ends of the tubes are protected from the inlet gas by ferrules, usually made of type 310 (UNS S31000) SS with insulation between the ferrule and the tube. The tube material should be selected... 

Figure 3 Cross section of (a) mono- and (b) dual-layer photoreceptors.

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