Dry mucosa

Nasal decongestant sprays such as phenylephrine and oxymetazoline that reduce inflammation by vasoconstriction are often used in sinusitis. Use should be limited to the recommended duration of the product to prevent rebound congestion. Oral decongestants may also aid in nasal or sinus patency. To reduce mucociliary function, irrigation of the nasal cavity with saline and steam inhalation may be used to increase mucosal moisture, and mucolytics (e.g., guaifenesin) maybe used to decrease the viscosity of nasal secretions. Antihistamines should not be used for acute bacterial sinusitis in view of their anticholinergic effects that can dry mucosa and disturb clearance of mucosal secretions. 

Contraindications Anticholinergic signs (such as mydriasis, dry mucosa, and hypo-peristalsis), arrhythmias, cardiovascular collapse, history of hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines, patients with signs of serious cyclic antidepressant overdose (such as motor abnormalities), patients who have been given a benzodiazepine for control of a potentially life-threatening condition (such as control of status epilepticus or increased intracranial pressure ICP )... 

Antihistamines should not be nsed for acute bacterial sinusitis in view of their antichoUneric effects that can dry mucosa and distnrb clearance of mucosal secretions. Second-generation antihistamines may play a role in chronic sinusitis where allergy is a component. Glucocorticoids intranasaUy decrease tissue inflammation and edema however, delayed onset limits their nsefulness in acnte sinnsitis. 

Acute poisoning with a tricyclic antidepressant often is clinically complex brief excitement and restlessness, sometimes with myoclonus, tonic-clonic seizures, or dystonia, followed by rapid development of coma, often with depressed respiration, hypoxia, depressed reflexes, hypothermia, and hypotension. Antidepressants with strong antimuscarinic potency commonly induce an atropine-like syndrome of mydriasis, flushed dry skin and dry mucosae, absent bowel sounds. 

Erythropoietin derivatives are associated with an increased frequency of thrombo-vascular events in a variety of tumor types [97 ]. However, whether patients with susceptibility factors should receive prophylactic antithrombotic treatment has not been confirmed. The adverse effects of combination therapy with epoetin beta and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in 59 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes were muscle pain, raised liver enzymes without hepatic failure, fatigue, headache, dry skin, and dry mucosa [98 ]. 

Side effects associated with narcotics include nausea, anorexia, and constipation most of them also diminish ciUary activity and produce a drying effect on the respiratory tract mucosa. 

HEENT Slightly icteric sclerae and dry oral mucosa... 

Mammalian odor reception is modulated by relative humidity. For instance, neotropical bats Carollia perspicillata and Phyllostomus discolor) are less able to approach an experimental banana odor correctly if the humidity is lowered from the normal 75% to under 60%. The sensoiy impairment results from drying out of the nasal mucosa in low humidity (Laska etal., 1986). 

Undesired effects. The magnitude of the antihypertensive effect of ACE inhibitors depends on the functional state of the RAA system. When the latter has been activated by loss of electrolytes and water (resulting from treatment with diuretic drugs), cardiac failure, or renal arterial stenosis, administration of ACE inhibitors may initially cause an excessive fall in blood pressure. In renal arterial stenosis, the RAA system may be needed for maintaining renal function and ACE inhibitors may precipitate renal failure. Dry cough is a fairly frequent side effect, possibly caused by reduced inactivation of kinins in the bronchial mucosa. Rarely, disturbances of taste sensation, exanthema, neutropenia, proteinuria, and angioneurotic edema may occur. In most cases, ACE inhibitors are well tolerated and effective. Newer analogues include lisinopril, perindo-pril, ramipril, quinapril, fosinopril, benazepril, cilazapril, and trandolapril. 

Functional antagonists of mediators of allergy, a) a-Sympathomi-metics, such as naphazoline, oxymeta-zoline, and tetrahydrozoline, are applied topically to the conjunctival and nasal mucosa to produce local vasoconstriction, and decongestion and to dry up secretions (p. 90), e.g., in hay fever. Since they may cause mucosal damage, their use should be short-term. 

A man accidentally exposed to residual spray of undetermined concentration had dry cough, and his nasal and pharyngeal mucosa were red and edematous. ... 

Ipecac syrup is prepared from the dried rhizome and roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha or Cephaelis acuminata, plants from Brazil and Central America that have the alkaloid emetine as their active principal ingredient. It acts directly on the CTZ and also indirectly by irritating the gastric mucosa. Ipecac is cardiotoxic if absorbed and can cause cardiac conduction disturbances, atrial fibrillation, or fatal myocarditis. If emesis does not occur, gastric lavage using a nasogastric tube must be performed. 

Guatemala. Hot water extract of the dried fruit is taken orally as a febrifuge and sudorific and for renal inflammation and scrofula. Hot water extract of the dried fruit is applied externally on wounds, ulcers, bruises, sores, skin infections, mucosa, dermatitis, inflammations, abscesses, and furuncles " ". 

Fiji. Fresh root is taken orally for asthma and indigestion. Fresh root juice is applied ophthalmically as drops for bloodshot eyes and other problems. Seed is taken orally for rheumatism and to treat hoarseness . Guatemala. Leaves are applied externally by adults for myasis, headache, and wounds " . A mixture of the leaf with menthol VapoRub is applied externally for children for cough . Fiot water extract of the dried leaf is applied externally for ringworms, fungal diseases of the skin L wounds, ulcers, bruises, sores, mouth lesions, stomatitis, and mucosa k The leaf is taken orally for kidney diseases . 

Mitotic effect. STE, administered to the buccal mucosa of 15 female HMT rats, 6 months of age, weekly for 1 year, produced hyperorthokeratosis, acanthosis, numerous binucleate spinous cells, and subepithelial connective tissue hyalinization. Verrucous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were not seen. Karyotyping revealed that lymphocytes of tobacco-treated, as well as control rats, had normal chromosome number and morphology. However, approx 25% of buccal epithelial cells of the tobacco-treated rats were tetraploid and 5% octa-ploid, compared with only 11% tetraploid and no octaploid in the controls. Results indicated that the mitotic process could be disturbed by tobacco treatment b Molluscicidal activity. Water extract of the dried leaf, at a concentration of 168 ppm, produced equivocal effect on Lymnaea luteola . 

Pure sesame oil vs isotonic sodium chloride solution as treatment for dry S1015 nasal mucosa. Arch Otolaryngol Head... 

Nasal sol may cause drying and irritation of nasal mucosa... 

Many patients experience a dry cough, especially when beginning treatment. This may be due to the accumulation of bradykinin in the bronchial mucosa. Less frequent are angioedema, xanthelasma and bone marrow suppression. 

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