Nasal secretion

Histamine, whose release in the body triggers nasal secretions and constricted airways, has three nitrogen atoms. List them in order of increasing basicity, and explain your ordering. 

Mar f body secretions contain substances that exert abacteriddal action, for example the enzyme lysozyme which is found in tears, nasal secretions and saliva hydrochloric acid in the stomach which results in a low pH and basic polypeptides such as spermine which are found in semen. 

This occurs in the seromucous secretions such as saliva, tears, nasal secretions, sweat, colostrum and secretions of the lung, urinogenital and gastrointestinal tracts. Its purpose appears to be to protect the external surfaces of the body from microbial attack. It occurs as a dimer in these secretions but as a monomer in human plasma, where its function is not known. The function of IgA appears to be to prevent the adherence of microorganisms to the surface ofmucosal cells thus preventing them entering the body tissues. It is protected from proteolysis by combination with another protein—the secretory component. 

Locally acting antihistamines act more quickly than oral agents but need to be administered intranasally at least twice daily due to the potential for removal by nasal secretions.13 Azelastine, an intranasal antihistamine, is as effective as systemic antihistamines in the treatment of perennial and seasonal AR. 

Signs and Symptoms Initial symptoms include fever, watery eyes, increased nasal secretions, drooling (ptyalism), diarrhea, loss of appetite, reduced milk production, depression, and reluctance to move. This is followed by the eruption of various sized skin nodules that may cover the whole body. They can be found on any part of the body but are most numerous on the head and neck, perineum, genitalia and udder, and the limbs. The nodules are painful and involve all layers of the skin. Skin lesions may show scab formation. Regional lymph nodes are enlarged and full of fluid. Secondary bacterial infection can complicate healing and recovery. Final resolution of lesions may take 2-6 months, and nodules can remain visible 1-2 years. 

Nasal decongestant sprays such as phenylephrine and oxymetazoline that reduce inflammation by vasoconstriction are often used in sinusitis. Use should be limited to the recommended duration of the product to prevent rebound congestion. Oral decongestants may also aid in nasal or sinus patency. To reduce mucociliary function, irrigation of the nasal cavity with saline and steam inhalation may be used to increase mucosal moisture, and mucolytics (e.g., guaifenesin) maybe used to decrease the viscosity of nasal secretions. Antihistamines should not be used for acute bacterial sinusitis in view of their anticholinergic effects that can dry mucosa and disturb clearance of mucosal secretions. 

An immediate reaction occurs within seconds to minutes, resulting in the rapid release of preformed mediators and newly generated mediators from the arachidonic acid cascade. Mediators of immediate hypersensitivity include histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandin, tryptase, and kinins. These mediators cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and production of nasal secretions. Histamine produces rhinorrhea, itching, sneezing, and nasal obstruction. 

Bk is thought to be involved in a number of allergic and inflammatory conditions [72, 155], For example, in atopic individuals, kinin levels in the nasal secretions have been shown to increase significantly following challenge by allergen. Moreover, the severity of symptoms appears to be related to the level of kinin [72]. 

Proud D, Baumgarten CR, Naclerio RM, Ward PE (1987) Kinin metabolism in human nasal secretions during experimentally induced allergic rhinitis. J Immunol 138 428-434. 

Mechanism of Action An anticholinergic that blocks the action of acetylcholine at parasympathetic sites in bronchial smooth muscle. Therapeutic Effect Causes bron-chodilation and inhibits nasal secretions. 

The estimation of the incapacitating dose for humans is usually for a 1-min period, so the ICt5Q is the concentration at which half the exposed population is affected.2 Typically, men leave the exposure with tears, nasal secretions, and saliva pouring out, and towels rather than handkerchiefs are needed to cope with the fluids. In 5—15 min, the irritation ceases. Punte e sil.32 noted that men with a history of sinusitis felt such relief that, after the effects of CS subsided, they asked to take part in further tests. One man claimed to have improved hearing after exposure to CS. 

Stjame, P., Lundblad, L., Lundberg, J.M., Anggard, A. Capsaicin and nicotine-sensitive afferent neurones and nasal secretion in healthy human volunteers and in patients with vasomotor rhinitis, Br. J. Pharmacol. 1989, 96, 693-701. 

A 4-month-old boy (weight 4 kg) developed fever, nasal secretions, and stridor due to a subglottal granuloma. Dexamethasone 1 mg/kg/day was started and... 

The antibacterial enzyme lysozyme is also found in nasal secretions. Lysozyme is produced by the epithelium and mucus glands where it can attack the cell walls of susceptible microorganisms, its action being optimal at the slightly acidic microclimate pH. The pH of nasal mucus varies with age, sleep, rest, emotion, infection, and diet. When it is cold, or during rhinitis or sinusitis, the pH tends to be alkaline, which deactivates the lysozyme in mucus and therefore increases the risk of microbial infection. Under normal conditions, the nasal secretions, as indicated earlier, have a pH of 5.5 to 6.5, which is the optimum pH for the activity of lysozyme. 

Ciprofloxacin is widely distributed into body tissues and fluids following oral and IV administration. Highest concentrations of the drug generally are found in bile, lung, kidney, liver, gall bladder, uterus, seminal fluid, prostatic tissue and fluid, tonsils, endometrium, fallopian tubes, and ovaries [4, 7, 8]. It also distributed into bone, aqueous humor, sputum, saliva, nasal secretions, skin, muscle, adipose tissue, and cartilage [4, 7, 9]. 

The composition of nasal secretion is given in Table 9.1. The protein content of nasal secretions includes ... 

The timing of IgG appearance in saliva (and nasal secretions) is delayed compared to its appearance in serum. Following subcutaneous administration... 

Respiratory rates were also increased in rats exposed to 100 mg/m3 DNOC for 4 hours (King and Harvey 1953a). Respiratory rates were still elevated 20 hours after the rats were removed from the DNOC aerosols. Dyspnea, sneezing, and/or nasal secretions were observed in cats that were exposed to aerosols of DNOC in solution at 36 mg/m or as a dust at 40 mg/m for 4 hours (Burkatskaya 1965a). 

Chicken 12 Inhalation 1,000 2 wk At 3 d, animals had photophobia and nasal secretion. At 8 d, comeal opacity evident. Pathologic examination at 2 wk revealed pulmonary congestion, edema, hemorrhage congestion of liver and spleen. LOAEL 1,000 Anderson et al. 1964... 

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