Mammalian odors

Tegoni M., Pelosi P., Vincent F., Spinelli S., et al. (2000). Mammalian odorant binding proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1482, 229-240. 

FIGURE 50-3 Amino acid sequence conservation across mammalian odorant receptors. ORs pass through the plasma membrane (blue box) seven times, with the AT-terminus located extracellularly and the C-terminus intracellularly. The degree of conservation of each amino acid in this consensus OR is indicated by a colored ball, with dark blue being most highly conserved and red most highly variable. Modified from [5], with permission. 

Mammalian odor reception is modulated by relative humidity. For instance, neotropical bats Carollia perspicillata and Phyllostomus discolor) are less able to approach an experimental banana odor correctly if the humidity is lowered from the normal 75% to under 60%. The sensoiy impairment results from drying out of the nasal mucosa in low humidity (Laska etal., 1986). 

Zhao H., Ivic L., Otaki J. M., Hashimoto M., Mikoshiba K. and Firestein S. (1998) Functional expression of a mammalian odorant receptor. Science 279, 237-242. 

Volatile mammalian odors are well known to promote approach and investigation by individuals of the same or other sex (Brown, 1979 Doty, 1976 Vandenbergh, 1994), but I... 

In vertebrates, the sources of semiochemicals vary widely (even urine and feces may be involved), and microorganisms also play an important role in the production of mammalian odors 190-192). 

H Zhoa, L Ivic, JM Otaki, M Hashimoto, K Mikoshiba, S Firestein. Fxmctional expression of mammalian odorant receptor. Science 279 237-242, 1998. 

Stable in acidic, neutral and basic aqueous solutions Pale yellowish solid, faint characteristic odor Flash point 119°C (Pensky-Martens closed tester) Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator which acts both as an ovacide and as an inhibitor of development (juvenile hormone mimic) against white flies, scale, and psylla. The specificity of pyriproxyfen, and its low mammalian toxicity, allow for some variation in application timing. For example, the lack of toxicity to bees allows pyriproxyfen to be applied during bloom on apple trees, and its low mammalian toxicity allows for a very short pre-harvest interval on citrus The residue definition is for pyriproxyfen alone... 

The sensor response depends not only on the polarity of the analyte, but also on the flow environment. In the mammalian olfactory system, the nasal cavity structure plays an extremely important role in odor discrimination13. 

The mammalian olfactory system possesses enormous discriminatory power. It is claimed that humans can perceive many thousands of different odorous molecules, termed odorants. Even slight alterations in the structure of an odorant can lead to profound changes in perceived odor quality. One commonly cited example is carvone, whose L- and D-stereoisomers are perceived as spearmint and caraway, respectively. However, more subtle molecular alterations can also generate striking changes in perception. 

Vassar, R., Ngai, ]. and Axel, R. Spatial segregation of odorant receptor expression in the mammalian olfactory epithelium. Cell 74 309-318,1993. 

Lazar, J., Greenwood, D.R., Rasmussen, L.E.L. and Prestwich, G.D. (2002) Molecular and functional characterization of an odorant binding protein of the Asian elephant, Elephas maximas Implications for the role of lipocalins in mammalian olfaction. Biochemistry 41, 11786-11794. 

Apfelbach, R., Blanchard, C.D., Blanchard, R.J., Hayes, R.A. and McGregor, I.S. (2005) The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species a review of field and laboratory studies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 29, 1123-1144. 

Brown, R.E. (1979) Mammalian social odors. Adv. Stud. Behav. 10, 107-161. 

Successful reproductive behavior relies on the ability to identify and approach appropriate mating partners within the environment. Critically, mate recognition requires identifying species and sex characteristics of possible mates. As in many mammalian species, rodents use odor cues as the primary mechanism for mate recognition (Johnston 1983). Thus, sexually mature rodents typically display strong behavioral preferences for conspecific odors from opposite-sex individuals compared to odors from the same-sex or heterospecific individuals (Johnston 1983). 

HCFC-141b is a colorless, volatile liquid with a weak, ethereal odor. The vapor is heavier than air and can displace air in confined spaces. Additional chemical and physical properties are listed in Table 4-2. Experimental studies with human subjects and several mammalian species (monkey, dog, rat, mouse, and rabbit) were located. Animal studies addressed both acute and chronic exposure durations as well as neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and cardiac sensitization. 

Since the publication of the third edition, additional data have been critically reviewed. New or additional data included in this edition are bioconcentration factors, aquatic mammalian toxicity values, degradation rates, corresponding half-lives in various environmental compartments, ionization potentials, aqueous solubility of miscellaneous compounds, Henry s law constants, biological, chemical, and theoretical oxygen demand values for various organic compounds. Five additional tables have been added Test Method Number Index, Dielectric Values of Earth Materials and Fluids, Lowest Odor Threshold Concentrations of Organic Compoimds in Water, and Lowest Threshold Concentrations of Organic Compounds in Water. 

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