Dopamine receptor differentiation

Robertson GS, Jian M (1995) D1 and D2 dopamine receptors differentially increase Fos-like immunoreactivity in accumbal projections to the ventral pallidum and midbrain. Neuroscience 64 1019-1034. 

Robertson GS, Vincent SR, Fibiger HC (1992) D, and D2 dopamine receptors differentially regulate c-fos expression in striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Neuroscience 49 285-296. 

Zhen X, Zhang J, Johnson GP, Friedman E. (2001) D(4) dopamine receptor differentially regulates Akt/nuclear factor-kappa b and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in D(4)MN9D cells. Mol Pharmacol 60 857-864. 

Creese I, Burt DR, Snyder SH. The dopamine receptors differential binding of d-LSD and related agents to agonist and antagonists states. Life Sci 1975 17 15-20. 

With respect to other ethnic groups, African Americans may have a differential sensitivity to weight gain on clozapine (de Leon etal, 2007). They may also require lower doses than Caucasians (Kelly et al, 2006) and inter-individual as well as ethnic responsiveness maybe partly explained by differences in dopamine receptor polymorphisms (Hwang et al, 2005). It is conceivable that side effects may also be differentially expressed based on pharmacodynamic differences resulting from polymorphisms in other receptor types (histaminergic, muscarinic, etc.). This area remains largely unexplored with respect to ethnic differences in antipsychotic side effects. 

Duran-Vazquez A., Drucker-Cohn R. (1997). Differential role of dopamine receptors on motor asymmetries of nigro-stratal lesioned animals that are REM sleep deprived. Brain Res. 744, 171-4. 

Olijslagers J., Werkman T., McReary A. et al. (2004). 5-HT2 receptors differentially modulate dopamine-mediated auto-inhibition in A9 and A10 midbrain areas of the rat. Neuropharmacology 46, 504 10. 

Telia S. Differential blockade of chronic versus acute effects of intravenous cocaine by dopamine receptor antagonists. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 48 151, 1994. 

Shimosato K., Marley R., Saito T. Differential effects of NMDA receptor and dopamine receptor antagonists on cocaine toxicities. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 51, 1995. 

Tiberi, M., Nash, S. R., Bertrand, L., Lefkowitz, R. J., and Caron, M. G. (1996) Differential regulation of dopamine receptor responsiveness by various G protein-coupled receptor kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 3771-3778. 

There is still some controversy over the precise anatomical location of the dopamine receptor subtypes, but there is now evidence that the D2 receptors are located presynaptically on the corticostriatal neurons and postsynaptically in the striatum and substantia nigra. Conversely, the receptors are found presynaptically on nigrostriatal neurons, and postsynaptically in the cortex. It is possible to differentiate these receptor types on the basis of their agonist and antagonist affinities. 

The role of these agents, either as primary or adjunctive treatments for mood disorders, has yet to be fully explored ( 106, 108, 279, 280 and 281). Theories have included the differential effects of clozapine on dopamine receptor subtypes (e.g., increased activity at the receptors, which exist in high density in the limbic system) and the greater 5-HT2 to D2 antagonism of most novel agents in comparison with neuroleptics (282). More recently, controlled trials indicate that novel antispychotics (NAPs) may play an important and perhaps unique role for more severe, psychotic, and/or refractory mood disorders ( 112, 283, 384). 

FIGURE 23.7 Dopamine (DA) is synthesized within neuronal terminals from the precursor tyrosine by the sequential actions of the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase, producing the intermediary L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa), and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. In the terminal, dopamine is transported into storage vesicles by a transporter protein (T) associated with the vesicular membrane. Release, triggered by depolarization and entry of Ca2+, allows dopamine to act on postsynaptic dopamine receptors (DAR). Several distinct types of dopamine receptors are present in the brain, and the differential actions of dopamine on postsynaptic targets bearing different types of dopamine receptors have important implications for the function of neural circuits. The actions of dopamine are terminated by the sequential actions of the enzymes catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), or by reuptake of dopamine into the terminal. 

Table 1 Tissues in which neurotransmitter release is increased (f) or decreased (J.) by presynaptic dopamine receptor activation. Receptor classification (except with superscript11) as by the authors cited. Designation as D -like or D2-like where no differentiation between D and D5, or between D2, D3 and D4, was made...

Mizuno T, Schmauss C, Rayport S (2007) Distinct roles of presynaptic dopamine receptors in the differential modulation of the intrinsic synapses of medium-spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens. BMC Neurosci 8 8-23... 

Reinoso BS, Undie AS, Levitt P. 1996. Dopamine receptors mediate differential morphological effects on cerebral cortical neurons in vitro. J Neurosci Res 43 439-453. 

Montmayeur JB, Bausero P, Amalaiky N, Maroteaux L, Hen R, Borrelli E (1991) Differential expression of the mouse D2 dopamine receptor isoforms. FEBS Lett 275 239-243. 

Lledo PM, Homburger V, Bockaert J, Vincent JD (1992) Differential G protein-mediated coupling of D2 dopamine receptors to K+ and Ca2+ currents in rat anterior pituitary cells. Neuron 5 455 163. 

Maurice N, Tkatch T, Meisler M, Sprunger LK, Surmeier DJ (2001) D1/D5 dopamine receptor activation differentially modulates rapidly inactivating and persistent sodium currents in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 27 2268-2277. 

Obadiah J, Avidor-Reiss T, Fishbum CS, Carmon S, Bayewitch M, Vogel Z, Fuchs S, Levavi-Sivan B (1999) Adenylyl cyclase interaction with the D2 dopamine receptor family differential coupling to Gi, Gz, and Gs. 

Seabrook GR, Kemp JA, Freedman SB, Patel S, Sinclair HA, McAllister G (1994a) Functional expression of human D3 dopamine receptors in differentiated neuroblastoma x glioma NG108-15 cells. Br J Pharmacol 777 391-393. 

Wang Q, Jolly JP, Surmeier JD, Mullah BM, Lidow MS, Bergson CM, Robishaw JD (2001) Differential dependence of the D1 and D5 dopamine receptors on the G protein gamma 7 subunit for activation of adenylylcyclase. J Biol Chem 276 39386-39393. 

Fishburn CS, Elazar Z, Fuchs S (1995) Differential glycosylation and intracellular trafficking for the long and short isoforms of the D2 dopamine receptor. J Biol Chem 270. 29819-29824. 

Mayfield RD, Randall PK, Spirduso WW, Wilcox RE (1993) Selective D, and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists produce differential effects on reaction time in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46 759-768. 

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