Dodecanal production

The bridged azidosulfonylbiaryls 398 cyclize to seven-membered rings (399) on thermolysis in dodecane. Products of hydrogen abstraction and insertion into the solvent are also formed. Moreover, 398b underwent a rearrangement to 400 (Eq. in contrast, the azide 401 attacks the... 

Several components of the organic phase contribute greatly to the character of the final product. The pore size of the gel is chiefly determined by the amount and type of the nonsolvent used. Dodecane, dodecanol, isoamyl alcohol, and odorless paint thinner have all been used successfully as nonsolvents for the polymerization of a GPC/SEC gel. Surfactants are also very important because they balance the surface tension and interfacial tension of the monomer droplets. They allow the initiator molecules to diffuse in and out of the droplets. For this reason a small amount of surfactant is crucial. Normally the amount of surfactant in the formula should be from 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent of the monomers, as large amounts tend to emulsify and produce particles less than 1 yam in size. 

Because all the variables that influence the properties of the final product are known, one can use a statistical design (known as a one-half factorial) to optimize the properties of the GPC/SEC gels. Factorial experiments are described in detail by Hafner (10). For example, four variables at two levels can be examined in eight observations. From these observations the significance of each variable as related to the performance of the gel can be determined. An example of a one-half factorial experiment applied to the production of GPC/SEC gel is set up in Table 5.2. The four variables are the type of DVB, amount of dodecane, type of methocel, and rate of stirring. 

Another class of nucleophilic addition to iminium salts can be found in the addition of diazoalkanes. These are of great interest since they were known to add and then reaet further to form three-membered rings as in the case of C=S, C=0, and C=C functions 103). Leonard and Jann 104-106) found that treatment of iminium perchlorates with diazomethane and other diazoalkanes yielded aziridinium salts. Treatment of an iminium salt such as N-cyclohexylidinepyrrolidinium perchlorate (66) with diazomethane yielded a new product whose structure was established by spectral and chemical means to be 5-azoniadispiro[4.0.5.1]dodecane perchlorate (67). The UV spectrum was devoid of any absorption above... 

Cyclododecatriene is a precursor for dodecane-dioic acid through a hydrogenation step followed hy oxidation. The diacid is a monomer for the production of nylon 6/12. 

Lee, J. (1972). Bacterial bioluminescence. Quantum yields and stoichiometry of the reactants reduced flavin mononucleotide, dodecanal and oxygen, and of a product hydrogen peroxide. Biochemistry 11 3350-3359. 

With reference to the mechanism of cracking dodecane assess the relative environmental merits of the thermal and catalytic cracking processes to give gasoline grade products. 

These are oxidised by both Fe(III) and Cu(II) octanoates (denoted Oct) in nonpolar solvents at moderate temperatures . 80-90 % yields of the corresponding disulphide are obtained with Fe(III) and this oxidant was selected for kinetic study, the pattern of products with Cu(II) being more complex. The radical nature of the reaction was confirmed by trapping of the thiyi radicals with added olefins. Simple second-order kinetics were observed, for example, with l-dodecane thiol oxidation by Fe(Oct)3 in xylene at 55 °C (fcj = 0.24 l.mole . sec ). Reaction proceeds much more rapidly in more polar solvents such as dimethylformamide. The course of the oxidation is almost certainly... 

Marches JR, SA Owen, GF White, WA House, NJ Russell (1994) SDS-degrading bacteria attach to riverine sediment in response to the surfactant or its primary degradation product dodecan-l-ol. Microbiology (UK) 140 2999-3006. 

Reaction products were analyzed by on-line gas chromatography with a Shimadzu GC-14A gas chromatograph equipped with a 50 m CP Sil-5 fused silica capfllary column and a flame ionization detector. Reaction intermediates were identified by GC-MS. Samples were taken after 50 h on stream when the activity of the catalyst was stable, with n-nonane and n-dodecane as internal standards. Space time was defined as t = e Voat/vgas, where e is the void fraction of the... 

Avdeef et al. [556] measured the PAMPA permeabilities of a series of drug molecules and natural products using both dodecane- and (dodecane + 2%DOPC)-coated filters. It was proposed that a new H-bonding scale could be explored, based not on partition coefficients but on permeabilities. 

Evidence for the formation of alkyl and aryl radicals in some cases following loss of SO2 (Scheme 1) has been obtained. Thus, a small amount of M-pentane was formed in the decomposition of M-pentanesulphonyl azide in mineral oil ). Thermolysis of diphenyl sulphone-2-sulphonyl azide (8) in dodecane at 150 °C gave diphenyl sulphone 9 (27%) and diphenyl sulphone-2-sulphonamide 10 (9%) which arise by hydrogen abstraction by the aryl radical and sulphonyl nitrene, respectively. When this thermolysis was carried out in Freon E-4 at 150 °C, the products were diphenylene sulphone 77 (1.3%) (Pshorr-type cyclization product of the aryl radical) and 10 (1.5%) together with tars 16h Ferro-... 

When mesitylene-2-sulphonyl azide (3) is heated to 150 °C in n-dodecane, a Curtius-type rearrangement of the nitrene (4) occurs as discussed in Section 2.1 i to give 2,4,6-trimethylaniline and the hexa-methylazobenzene 14>. A similar result has now been observed by a careful analysis of the thermolysis products of durene-3-sulphonyl azide in w-dodecane at 150 °C. The amine is definitely formed but the azo-compound could barely be detected 13>. 

Octonol is an intermediate for the production of several optically active pharmaceuticals, such as steroids and vitamins. The asymmetric reduction of 2-octanone to (5)-2-octonol by baker s yeast was inhibited severely by substrate and product concentration of 10 him and 6 mM respectively. Whole-cell biotransformation of 2-octanone in a water-ra-dodecane biphasic system yielded a high product concentration of 106him with 89% ee in 96h [37],... 

At 375°C with the ZSM-5, the main products formed are n-alkanes. Other products are observed ramified alkanes and alkenes, 1-alkenes, aromatics and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons. The majority of hydrocarbons formed have a carbon number between 3 to 6. In the case of the zeolite Y, the n-alkanes and similar secondary products are formed but their repartition is different i.e. the normal and ramified alkanes are the main products and no cyclic compound can be observed. All these products are in higher quantity with the ZSM-5 than with the zeolite Y. This is in agreement with the calculated n-dodecane conversions. With the increase of the temperature, the same products are formed but their quantities increase. The analysis of the gaseous phase shows the presence of hydrogen, light normal and ramified alkanes and 1-alkenes. 

At the lower temperatures (375 and 400 °C), the n-dodecane conversions is higher with a catalyst. Moreover, the products distributions are very different. This is explained by the cracking mechanisms (free radical and carbocation) and maybe by the supercritical conditions. This is no more the case at 425 °C as the catalysts seem to deactivate rapidly by coking. So the formed products come mainly from the thermal cracking. 

This reaction has been induced in several ways, but one novel procedure involves the action of ultrasound on a suspension of the two solid reactants in dodecane. The ultrasonic vibrations create cavities in the liquid that implode, driving particles of the solid together at high velocity. Under these conditions, the solids react in much the same way as if they were heated, but in cases where an unstable product is formed, it is not thermally decomposed. 

In addition to the reactions just described using molten pipHSCN, several reactions have been carried out at low temperature by sonicating mixtures of metal salts and pipHSCN (House, 1998). The use of ultrasound results in products of higher purity than when the molten salt is used. This is probably due to the fact that some of the products are not very stable at the temperature of the molten salt (100 °C) and mixtures result under those conditions. In carrying out the reactions, the amine hydrothiocyanate and the metal compound were suspended in dodecane and pulsed ultrasound was applied. The fol-... 

As a polar solvent for the catalyst ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and acetonitrile were used. Tricyclohexylphosphine, triphenyl-phosphine and the monosulfonated triphenylphosphine (TPPMS) were investigated as ligands with Pd(acac)2 as the precursor. Cyclohexane, dodecane, p-xylene and alcohols (1-octanol, 2-octanol and 1-dodecanol) were tested as non-polar solvents for the product. To determine the distribution of the product and of the catalyst, the palladium precursor and the hgand were dissolved in the polar solvent and twice as much of the non-polar solvent was added. After the addition of 5-lactone, the amounts of the product in both phases was determined by gas chromatography. The product is not soluble in cyclohexane and dodecane, more than 99% of it can be found in the polar catalyst phase. With the alcohols 1-octanol, 2-octanol and dodecanol about 50 to 60% of the 5-lactone are located in the non-polar phase. With p-xylene biphasic systems can only be achieved when EC is used as the polar solvent and even in this solvent system one homogeneous phase is formed at a temperature higher than 70 °C. In a 1 1 mixture of EC and p-xylene about 50 to 60% of the product is contained in the polar phase. 

Using mild reaction conditions (10 bar, 125 °C), a high conversion of trans-4-octene and a high selectivity to n-nonanal can be obtained with toluene as the solvent. Cyclic carbonates like propylene carbonate (PC) are also suitable solvents for the isomerizing hydroformylation of trans-4-octene. Furthermore, the selectivity to -nonanal is increased up to 95% when PC is used in a single phase. The product n-nonanal can be extracted with n-dodecane or with a mixture of dodecane isomers. 

Propylene carbonate is a good solvent of the rhodium precursor [Rh(acac) (00)2] and the phosphite ligand BIPHEPHOS and can thus be used as the catalyst phase in the investigation of the isomerizing hydroformylation of trans-4-octene to n-nonanal in a biphasic system [24]. As already mentioned, the reaction products can be extracted with the hydrocarbon dodecane. Instead of an additional extraction after the catalytic reaction, we carried out in-situ extraction experiments, where the products are separated from the catalytic propylene carbonate phase while the reaction is still in progress. Conversion of 96% and selectivity of 72% was achieved under comparably mild conditions (p(CO/H2) = 10 bar, T = 125 °C, 4 h, substrate/Rh = 200 1). 

To elucidate the use of TMS systems for the isomerizing hydroformylation, PC was chosen as the solvent for the rhodium catalyst, because the best selectivity to n-nonanal of 95% with a conversion on trans-4-octene of also 95% was achieved in this solvent under single-phase conditions. Dodecane was used as a non-polar solvent for the extraction of the product and p-xylene served as the mediator between the catalyst and the product phase [24]. Appropriate operation points for the reaction within this solvent system were determined by cloud titrations. 

The TMS systems PC/dodecane/NMP and PC/dodecane/NEP pass from a system with a closed miscibility gap to one with an open miscibility gap at room temperature. This immiscibility of the mediator and the polar phase with the product phase can be used for a convenient recovery of the catalyst. 

However, morpholine-4-carboxylic acid 2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl ester is formed by the reaction of PC and the substrate morpholine in an undesired side reaction. By use of 1.4-dioxane or the pyrrolidones as mediator s3 about 30 to 45% of the morphoUne is consumed by this side reaction. The by-product is contained in the PC phase and can not be extracted to the non-polar product phase. The selectivity to the desired amines is lowered, because of the consiunption of the morphoUne. Thus, PC has to be substituted by another polar solvent (e.g. water, methanol or ethylene glycol) in future experiments. The lactates react with the morphoUne, too resulting in the corresponding amide. Overall, the hydroaminomethylation in the TMS systems PC/dodecane/lactate results in a conversion of 1-octene of about 80%, but in selectivities to the amines of only 50 to 60%. 

Unlike the gasoline Molex process that employs a iso-butane and n-butane desorbent mixture, the MaxEne process employs a heavy desorbent system. A heavy desorbent system means that the bottom product from both the Sorbex extract and raffinate frachonation columns is desorbent while the feed components are recovered as overhead products. In the MaxEne process case, heavy normal paraffin such as n-dodecane is employed as the desorbent though desorbents as light as n-decane and as heavy as n-tetradecane are possible candidates too. 

Note According to Chevron Phillips Company s (2004) product literature, 95.0-97.0 wt % dodecane contains the following compounds 3-methylundecane (2.4 wt %) and 5-methylundecane (0.6 wt%). 

In activated sludge, 80.6% degraded after a 47-h time period (Pal et al., 1980). Chemical/Physical. Zhang and Rusling (1993) evaluated the bicontinuous microemulsion of surfactant/oil/water as a medium for the dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls by electrochemical catalytic reduction. The microemulsion (20 mL) contained didodecyldi-methylammonium bromide, dodecane, and water at 21, 57, and 22 wt %, respectively. The catalyst used was zinc phthalocyanine (2.5 nM). When PCB-1221 (72 mg), the emulsion and catalyst were subjected to a current of mA/cm on 11.2 cm lead electrode for 10 h, a dechlorination yield of 99% was achieved. Reaction products included a monochlorobiphenyl (0.9 mg), biphenyl, and reduced alkylbenzene derivatives. 

Coextraction of 99.9% of Pu and U and some 90% of from 3-4 mol dm HNO3 solution into 30 vol% TBP, diluted with a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons or, occasionally, with pure dodecane. Fission products and trivalent actinides (Am, Cm) remain in the aqueous raffinate. 

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