Docusate salts

Docusate salts Bisacodyl Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte preparations... 

Docusate sodium and docusate salts are widely used as anionic surfactants in pharmaceutical formulations. Docusate sodium is mainly used in capsule and direct-compression tablet formulations to assist in wetting and dissolution. Docusate salts are also used in oral formulations as laxatives and fecal softeners see Table I. 

Docusate salts are used in oral formulations as therapeutic agents for their fecal softening and laxative properties. As a laxative in adults, up to 500 mg of docusate sodium is administered daily in divided doses in children over 6 months old, up to 75 mg in divided doses is used. The quantity of docusate sodium used as an excipient in oral formulations should therefore be controlled to avoid unintended laxative effects.Adverse effects associated with docusate sodium include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and skin rashes. As with the chronic use of laxatives, the excessive use of docusate sodium may produce hypomagnesemia. ... 

Docusate salts are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in bile they may cause alteration of the gastrointestinal epithelium. The gastrointestinal or hepatic absorption of other drugs may also be affected by docusate salts, enhancing activity and possibly toxicity. Docusate sodium should not be administered with mineral oil as it may increase the absorption of the oil. 

Docusate salts (50 to 300 mg p.o. daily) are used as stool softeners. 

Docusate Calcium. Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate [128-49-4] (calcium salt of l,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester butanedioic acid) (11) is a white amorphous soHd having the characteristic odor of octyl alcohol. It is very slightly soluble in water, and very soluble in alcohol, polyethylene glycol 400, and com oil. It may be prepared directly from dioctyl sodium sulfo succinate dissolved in 2-propanol, by reaction with a methan olic solution of calcium chloride. 

Docusate Sodium. Aerosol OT, Colace, and Doxinate are trade names of docusate sodium [577-11-7] (dioctyl sodium sulfo succinate, sodium salt of l,4-bis(2-etliylhexyl)estet butanedioic). This white, wax-like, plastic sohd, with a characteristic odor suggestive of octyl alcohol, is usually available in the form of pellets. One gram of the sodium salt slowly dissolves in about 70 mL water. Docusate sodium is freely soluble in alcohol and glycerol, very... 

Also known as surfactants and stool softeners, emollients (e.g., salts of docusate) act by increasing the surface wetting action on the stool leading to a softening effect. They reduce friction and make the stool easier to pass. These agents are not recommended for treating constipation of long duration. 

These surfactant agents, docusate in its various salts, work by facilitating the mixing of aqueous and fatty materials within the intestinal tract. They may increase water and electrolyte secretion in the small and large bowel. 

Enemas may contain water, salts, soap, mineral detergent (docusate potassium), or hypertonic (sorbitol, sodium phosphate-biphosphate) fluids. These are convenient and generally safe for short-term use. Many of these solutions irritate the mucosa and may produce excessive mucus in the stool. Excessive use of these enema products may result in water intoxication and hyponatremia. 

The head groups of these surfactant molecules are negatively charged. The most widely used anionic surfactants are those containing carboxylate groups, such as soaps, sulfonate, and sulfate ions Soaps, which are salts of weak carboxylic acids, are formed by the hydrolysis of fats (triglycerides) by sodium hydroxide. Sulfonates, such as sodium docusate and decane sulfonate, have been widel used in pharmaceutical systems. The most popular alkyl sulfate is sodium lauryl sulfate, which is... 

Identification The infrared absorption spectrum of a film of the sample between two salt plates exhibits relative maxima at the same wavelengths as those of a similar preparation of USP Docusate Sodium Reference Standard. 

Sodium di(ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (Aerosol-OT, sodium docusate) [577-11-7] M 444.6. Dissolve it in MeOH and the inorganic salts which precipitate are filtered off. Water is added and the solution is extracted several times with hexane. The residue is evaporated to one-fifth its original volume, benzene is added and azeotropic distillation is continued until no water remains. The solvent is evaporated. The white residual soHd is crushed and dried in vacuo over P2O5 for 48hours [El Seoud Fendler J Chem Soc, Fcrcukiy Trans 1 71 452 1975]. [Beilstein 4 IV 114.] It solubilises major myelin trans membrane proteolipids, and forms reverse micelles in hydrocarbon solvents. 

NF, cetyl alcohol NF, polysorbate 60 NF, myristyl alcohol NF, sorbitan monostearate NF, lactic acid USP, and benzyl alcohol NF (1%) as preservative. Cream and lotion contain a synthetic, broad-spectrum, antifungal agent ciclopirox (as ciclopirox olamine). The chemical name is 6-cyclo-hexyl-l-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(l H)-pyridone, 2-aminoeth-anol salt. Each gram of gel contains 7.70 mg ciclopirox in a gel consisting of purified water USP, isopropyl alcohol USP, octyldodecanol NF, dimethicone copolyol 190, car-bomer 980, sodium hydroxide NF, and docusate sodium USP. 

Potassium salt, CMHj7KO,S, docusate potassium, Rectalad Enema. 

Commercial suppliers of ionic liquids are also preparing salts based on ions of known toxicity. For example. Sachem produce Terrasail ionic liquids based on the docusate (dioctylsulfosuccinate) anion (Fig. 2.1-3) [67]. Some ionic liquids containing this anion have been found to be miscible with hydrocarbon solvents. 

Synonyms Bis (2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate 1,4-Bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfobutanedioic acid sodium salt Dioctyl sulfosodiumsuccinate Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt Docusate sodium DSS 2-Ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate sodium NaDOSS Sodium 1,4-bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Sodium di (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate Sulfobutanedioic acid 1,4-bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester sodium salt Sulfosuccinic acid 1,4-bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester sodium salt Definition Sodium salt of the diester of 2-ethylhexyl alcohol and sulfosuccinic acid Empirical C2oH NaO,S Formula CsH OOCCH2CH(SOsNa)COOC8H,7... 

Synonyms Bis (2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate 1,4-Bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfobutanedioic acid sodium salt Dioctyl sulfosodiumsuccinate Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt Docusate sodium DSS 2-Ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate sodium NaDOSS Sodium 1,4-bis (2-ethylhexyl)... 

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