Documentary sources

Eor many pigments, a period of time in which they had their widest use can be indicated (54,62,63). Dates of introduction are known either from documentary sources or from identification on paintings of known dates. Eor some pigments, an approximate date for the discontinuation of use can be assigned. In some cases, knowledge of the preparation process or even the very existence was lost over an appreciable time span. 

Figure 2.5 Judgmental sampling. The placement of the tanks may have been recorded in documentary sources (e.g., from the initial site assessment). The zone sampled is only that around the known area.

This option first saw the light of day through the World War I collaboration of Lord Milner, William Boyce Thompson, and wartime British Commissioner in St. Petersburg, Frederick Lindley. During his wartime mission to Russia, according to the History of the London Times, a documentary source, Lord Milner... 

During the summer of 1980, examination of a 1928 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers aerial photograph revealed a dark rectangular stain situated approximately 1 km to the east of the stone fort (26). The shape and dimensions of the stain conformed closely to those indicated in documentary sources for the first Fort de Chartres. In the half-century since the photograph was taken, both a levee and a two-lane highway have been constructed over portions of the site area. The tract of land between the highway and levee that presumably contained the central portion of the fort is presently owned by the State of Illinois. 

The results of Dr. Weymouth s magnetic survey are in accordance with the soil chemical analyses (J5). The palisade lines, suspected interior structural features, and parade ground are clearly depicted on the line contour magnetic maps. Furthermore, the 1-m internal grid unit employed in that survey allowed for more accurate definition of the fort boundaries, and the 48-m inside dimension indicated by the magnetic results compares quite favorably with that suggested for the fort by documentary sources. 

A combination of primary and secondary sources are used here to analyze Nixon s private and public discourse on China from 1952 to 1971. Note, however, that documentary sources for the period when he was out of office, from 1961 to 1968, were remarkably... 

G, Related Topics (GA, Scientific Topics GB, Military Topics GC, Country Topics GD, Conflict Topics GE, Arms Control Topics GF, Special Topics GH, Documentary Sources GI, Author Files)... 

Archaeological Surveys. The first step in conducting any archaeological investigation is to identify and take stock of the location in which the study will be held. This is known as a survey. The choice of location can be determined in several ways. Documentary sources, such as old maps or other written materials, can sometimes be used to accurately discover the location of an archaeological site. For example, clues in the writings of the ancient Greek poet... 

The main phase of interviews was followed up in the mid-1990s with further interviews with members of the Railway Inspectorate and Railtrack. These findings are reported in Chapter 11. In addition to the interviews, documentary sources were consulted. These included official publications and internal company documents. Further details of the data collection can be found in the Appendices. 

The intention of the questions discussed thus far was to discern how much information about the law respondents retained on a day-to-day basis. But it should be remembered that staff could consult various documentary sources to check up on the law s requirements (see Ch. 7). Moreover some staff went to extraordinary lengths to improve their own knowledge of health and safety issues. One safety representative could not refer to any health and safety legislation unprompted— Laws, I don t know really. I don t know how to answer that to be honest with you (Interviewee 90). But once the HSW Act, 1974, was referred to he correctly cited several other statutes and told the interviewer about Redgrave s Indeed, it transpired that he had bought several reference books himself. 

The policies and structures were not the only BR health and safety initiatives. Running alongside the hierarchical structures for health and safety were training programmes and documentary sources of information such as videos, posters, publications, and a variety of general and local health and safety campaigns. There were also monitoring procedures. At the time of data collection... 

A similar pattern is revealed among the workforce although the degree and sophistication of knowledge were markedly lower than among supervisors 49 per cent of the workforce knew where to find health and safety documents 38 per cent were able to cite documentary sources but only 14 per cent could offer any details, however scanty— I assume they re common-sense, look after yourself and don t do nothing stupid (worker, interviewee 30). Safety representatives offered a more consistent set of responses—10 of the 22 interviewed could cite documentary sources 10 of the 22 offered details of the policies and 11 of the 22 knew where to find the policies. 

A wide range of documentary sources of health and safety information were referred to by those interviewed. The most frequently mentioned were as shown in Table 6.1. In addition to these, a variety of other documents were mentioned by just a few respondents, including the legislation, departmental instructions, safety data sheets, weekly notices, and posters. Managers were the most likely to refer to Board and local policy statements whereas most members of the workforce and safety representatives who could refer to documentary sources most frequently mentioned the rule book. Supervisors referred to five main documentary sources which in descending order of frequency were local policy documents health and safety booklets the rule book BRB policy and policy booklets . 

Table 6.1. Documentary sources of health and safety mentioned by BR interviewees...

Communication emerged as a key issue. The clear majority of those interviewed felt that polices should be directed to and accessible to everyone. But difficulties in this area were identified. The accessibility of documentary sources was particularly criticized. One respondent explained the policies are well intentioned but not aimed at the right level for the majority of people that work on the railway (worker, interviewee 47). Specific problems were seen to be the amount of the written material available and the way in which it was written. There was perceived to be too much paperwork which was difficult to understand, uninteresting, and unreasonable. This reiterates the literature on the law, where clarity emerges as a key factor in encouraging compliance (see Ch. 5). Directors and specialist health and safety staff were aware of the difficulties ... 

In addition to the interviews, documentary sources were also consulted. For example, corporate safety policies, rule books, and training materials were examined and where possible I was given access to statistical data such as they were. But the main source of data remained the interview transcripts which provided such a rich source of information and a testament to the time and honesty accorded to the research by BR and most importantly by its staff and also the unions. 

In addition to such literary and documentary sources, archaeologists have discovered many inscriptions that mention threptoi. The Italian scholar Theresa Nani catalogued 230 such inscriptions, primarily from the Greek-speaking provinces of the Roman Empire. According to Nani s careful analysis, some of those who commissioned these inscriptions had purchased very young children or had taken them as babies from slave mothers already in their possession. Nani also found, however, that many of the threptoi had in fact been exposed and subsequently rescued. ... 

British documentary sources she indicates that it was used by traders rather than painters, however. French sources on dyeing from the eighteenth century also use the term synonymously with indigofera tinctoria (Rondot, 1858). According to Ploss this is the root of the term aniline. 

Documentary sources indicate that animal black referred to a black pigment made by calcination of bone q.v.), presumably from ftie use of animal bones as a starting material (Winter, 1983). Mutton (sheep) bones as well as those from pigs appear to have been used. 

Documentary sources suggest that asbestos materials were used as additives in paint formulations (for example, Heaton, 1928) anthophyUite might therefore be encountered although no identifications are thus far known. Stated by Patton (1973e) to be a mineral commonly associated with pigmentary talc (. v.). 

There are a number of directions in the documentary sources for the production of pigments from horn, such as calcined (harts) horn, or horn black, or horns of hind, as well as stag-horn black. In the deer family the branched structures, commonly known as stag s horn or antlers, are composed entirely of bone with no actual horn or keratin substance they are usually present only in the male and are shed annually (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2003). References to horn in the context of pigment preparation are therefore to antler rather than true horn, where the keratin would be unsuitable. Some terms make this clear as with hartshorn and horns of hind. These form a variety of bone black, white or ash. 

Bole is either a naturally occurring or iron-rich material (such as red ochre q.v) particularly suited to applications such as substrates for gilding where a high surface polish is required. Documentary sources mention various colours such as white and red boles. Harley (1982) found among seventeenth century British documentary sources that the term bole appeared occasionally as a synonym for red ochre, but that it was more typically associated with Armenian bole - bole Armoniack - and, according to de Mayeme (BL MS Sloane 2052), in canvas priming. Merrifield (1849) lists bularminium as synonymous. 

Two forms of cadmium chromate are described in the literature. The first, CdCr04, is thought to be that enthusiastically described by Sailer as Thwaites yellow (q.v.) in his 1869 edition of Field s Chromatography (though Carlyle, in her survey of Enghsh nineteenth century documentary sources found httle other mention of it). It is mentioned in later sources such as Eibner (1909) and Bersch (1901), the latter describing its production by the precipitation of a cadmium salt with potassium chromate. 

Of uncertain composition although Harley (1982), writing about British documentary sources, suggests that this term may have... 

While some of these chromate pigments are well characterised, others are principally known from documentary sources and are therefore of unclear composition. Only one mineral form (that of crocoite) is closely enough related to be included. 

According to Martel (1860), there was a chromate of copper (marron rougedtre) classed as a maroon-red pigment, also known as madderine lake. Carlyle (2001) in her survey of British nineteenth century documentary sources found it only rarely listed, such as in a c. 1855 catalogue of the colourmen Rowney. However, it is also mentioned by Salter, as copper chrome, and by Riffault et al. (1874). 

Only one copper nitrate - gerhardite (Cu2(N03)(0H)3), or its synthetic analogue - appears to have been noted as occurring in a pigment context (Van T Hul-Ehmreich and Hallebeek, 1972 Banik, 1989). However, ebony black is also recorded in documentary sources as being derived from copper nitrate (Riffault et al., 1874). 

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