Distribution in oceans

Marty, B., Ozima, M. (1986) Noble gas distribution in oceanic basalt glasses. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 50, 1093-7. 

Thomson, J. and Turekian, K. K. Po and Pb distributions in ocean water profiles from the eastern South Pacific. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 3, 297-303 (1976). 

Anderson, J.J., Okubo, A., Robbins, A. S., and Richards, F. A. (1982). A model for nitrite and nitrate distributions in oceanic oxygen minimum zones. 

Diffusion constants in sediments. Table 8-4. . 163 Water volume in various reservoirs. Table 9-3. 178 Primary productivity, distribution in oceans. 

Soetaert, K., Vanaverbeke, J., Heip, C., Herman, P.M.J., Middelburg, J.J., Sandee, A. and Duineveld, G, 1997. Nematode distribution in ocean margin sediments of the Goban Spur (northeast Atlantic) in relation to sediment geochemistry. Deep-Sea Res. I, 44, 1671-1683. 

Cobalt, and sometimes cadmium, can substitute for zinc in many zinc enzymes such as CA, leading to complex interactions among the three metals in marine algae (Figure 5). The presence of cadmium in CA appears to explain its nutrient-like distribution in ocean waters (Figure 2(e)), and the identification of a unique Cd-CA enzyme in marine diatoms means that it functions as a micronutrient in these organisms. Cobalt also occurs in vitamin Bi2, an essential... 

The close similarity of the lanthanide distributions in ocean floor volcanics to that of the chondrites is further evidence that Earth has the same overall average relative lanthanide abundances as the chondrites. Otherwise, the uniformity of these melt products of the mantle found in all the oceans of the world would seem to be fortuitous. The distribution is not unmodified from that of the chondrites, and the lavas are not primitive or first-generation melting products of a primitive terrestrial mantle. Variations in lanthanide concentrations and relative abundances among ocean floor basalts are mainly the result of minor inhomogeneities in the mantle source regions, small differences in conditions of partial melting, and crystal fractionation of the lavas prior to eruption. 

Surface water enrichment is the result of aeolian and fluvial inputs, which are thought to be the most important sources of Th to the ocean. Thorinm-232 has been proposed as a link between the radiogenic thorium isotopes and trace metals and anthropogenic pollutants. " While the pathways are very different for the radiogenic thorium isotopes, Th is delivered to the ocean in a fashion similar to many pollutants and trace metals. For example, Guo et found Th distributions in the Gulf of Mexico and off Cape Hatteras in the North Atlantic Ocean agreed well with the general distribution pattern of aluminum. 

Thomson, C. M., Herring, P., and Campbell, A. K. (1995a). Coelenterazine distribution and luciferase characteristics in oceanic decapod crustaceans. Marine Biology 124 197-207. 

However, with "only" 1000 Pg emitted into the system, i.e. less than 3% of the total amount of carbon in the four reservoirs, the atmospheric reservoir would still remain significantly affected (20%) at steady state. In this case the change in oceanic carbon would be only 2% and hardly noticeable. The steady-state distributions are independent of where the addition occurs. If the CO2 from fossil fuel combustion were collected and dumped into the ocean, the final distribution would still be the same. 

Recently, the ocean-basin distribution of marine biomass and productivity has been estimated by satellite remote sensing. Ocean color at different wavelengths is determined and used to estimate near-surface phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration. Production is then estimated from chlorophyll using either in situ calibration relationships or from empirical functional algorithms (e.g., Platt and Sathyendranth, 1988 Field et al., 1998). Such studies reveal a tremendous amount of temporal and spatial variability in ocean biological production. 

The sea snake is a marine-adapted serpent belonging to the family of Hydrophi-idae. There are many varieties of sea snakes with different colors, shapes, and sizes. They are well adapted for the marine environment and have a flat tail and a salt gland. Sea snakes are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters along the coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are not found in the Atlantic Ocean. 

Cyperus rotundus L. is a weedy species, native to India, but widely distributed in countries on the Pacific Rim and islands in the Pacific Basin. Commonly referred to as purple nut sedge, it has been known in the Hawaiian Islands since the middle of the nineteenth century. In addition to its weedy nature, the taxon has attracted attention because of the antifebrile activity of its rhizomes. Chemical studies have disclosed the presence of several sesquiterpene derivatives, some of which have been implicated in the plant s medicinal use (cyperene and cyperinerol) (Wagner et ah, 1990, p. 1399). Our interest in this species is the existence of several chemotypes with interesting patterns of occurrence involving Pacific Rim countries and several oceanic islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, islands in the southern Pacific, and the Philippines. 

Because of the role these algae play in the oceans biological productivity and their impacts on climate due to the removal of carbon dioxide, satellite sensors have been employed to measure the chlorophyll a contents in oceans, lakes, and seas to indicate the distribution and abundance of biomass production in these water bodies. Detection is set at the specific reflectance and absorption wavelengths of the light from the upper layer of the ocean where photosynthesis occurs. 

Cochran JK, Bacon MP, Krishnaswami S, Turekian KK (1983) °Po and °Pb distributions in the central and eastern Indian Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 65 433-445 Cochran JK, Livingston HD, Hirschberg DJ, Surprenant LD (1987) Natural and anthropogenic radionuclide distributions in the northwest Atlantic-ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 84 135-152 Cochran JK (1992) The oceanic chemistiy of the uranium and thorium-series nuclides In Uranium-series disequihbrium applications to earth, marine, and environmental sciences. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds) Oxford University Press, New York, p 334-395... 

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