Distillation 486 of petroleum

The term naphthenic acid, as commonly used in the petroleum industry, refers collectively to all of the carboxyUc acids present in cmde oil. Naphthenic acids [1338-24-5] are classified as monobasic carboxyUc acids of the general formula RCOOH, where R represents the naphthene moiety consisting of cyclopentane and cyclohexane derivatives. Naphthenic acids are composed predorninandy of aLkyl-substituted cycloaUphatic carboxyUc acids, with smaller amounts of acycHc aUphatic (paraffinic or fatty) acids. Aromatic, olefinic, hydroxy, and dibasic acids are considered to be minor components. Commercial naphthenic acids also contain varying amounts of unsaponifiable hydrocarbons, phenoHc compounds, sulfur compounds, and water. The complex mixture of acids is derived from straight-mn distillates of petroleum, mosdy from kerosene and diesel fractions (see Petroleum). 

Approximately two thousand years ago, Arabian scientists developed methods for the distillation of petroleum, which were introduced into Europe by way of the Arabian incursions into Spain. Petroleum, used in China since it was encountered when drilling for salt, appears in documents of the third century. The Baku region of northern Persia was also reported by Marco Polo in 1271—1273 as having a commercial petroleum industry. 

In the fire codes, the atmospheric boiling point is an important physical property used to classify the degree of hazardousness of a Hquid. If a mixture of Hquids is heated, it starts to bod at some temperature but continues to rise ia temperature over a boiling temperature range. Because the mixture does not have a definite boiling poiat, the NFPA fire codes define a comparable value of boiling poiat for the purposes of classifying Hquids. For petroleum mixture, it is based on the 10% poiat of a distillation performed ia accordance with ASTM D86, Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products. 

Vacuum Distillation - Heavier fractions from the atmospheric distillation unit that cannot be distilled without cracking under its pressure and temperature conditions are vacuum distilled. Vacuum distillation is simply the distillation of petroleum fractions at a very low pressure (0.2 to 0.7 psia) to increase volatilization and separation. In most systems, the vacuum inside the fractionator is maintained with steam ejectors and vacuum pumps, barometric condensers, or surface condensers. 

The DS7 strain is characterized for its activity on the representative sulfur groups of the molecules present in fuel producing cuts, both gasoline and diesel. Examples given include straight-run gas oils, gas oils from hydrodesulfurization and the main streams coming from the atmospheric distillation of petroleum (cuts 70-160°C, 160-230°C and 230-350°C.),... 

Table 4.1 Typical Fractions Obtained by distillation of Petroleum... 

Bitumen contains a solvent-soluble fraction referred to as maltenes, and an insoluble fraction called asphaltenes. The word bitumen is in some cases also used to indicate the residue of the distillation of petroleum. 

Paraffin Fossil matter obtained by distillation of petroleum Series of odd and even numbered n alkanes with a simple distribution... 

The fighter gases produced in the distillation of petroleum or the residual gas in the manufacture of carbon black by the furnace process. 

Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products, 24 284 Standard Oil of New Jersey (Exxon), 24 259 Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), 21 165... 

Petroleum coke is the residue left by the destructive distillation of petroleum residua in processes such as the delayed coking process (Figure 11.4). That formed in catalytic cracking operations is usually nonrecoverable, as it is often employed as fuel for the process. 

A minor route, which now accounts for 2% of phenol, takes advantage of the usual surplus of toluene from petroleum refining. Oxidation with a number of reagents gives benzoic acid. Further oxidation to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and decarboxylation yields phenol. Here phenol competes with benzene manufacture, also made from toluene when the surplus is large. The last 2% of phenol comes from distillation of petroleum and coal gasification. 

Typical Straight Chain Hydrocarbon Fractions Obtained from Distillation of Petroleum Resources... 

RI at 20° 1.3876, insol w, sol org solvs. Obtd by fractional distillation of petroleum. Irritating to respiratory tract narcotic in large cones. Dangerous when exposed to ht or flame Refs 1) Beil 1, 154 2) Sax (1968) 806 3) Cond Chem Diet 8th Ed (1971), 437... 

The liquids used during WWI and WWII were combinations of heavy and light distillates of petroleum, coal rar or wood tar. The presence of small amounts of light distillates Is necessary in order to secure easier ignition, while the presence of heavy distillates is necessary because heavy liquids can be thrown farther and are longer-burning... 

I wenty-five years of progress in the distillation of petroleum. That means going back to 1925, and some 32,245,073,000 barrels of petroleum have been produced in the United States since then substantially all of this production has been distilled—part of it several times. This paper reviews the development, of distillation processes, equipment, theory, and engineering during this period and suggests probable future innovations. 

Little information is available concerning the composition of phenols from distillates of petroleum, though in certain instances they may be present in the acid mixtures in fairly high concentrations. However, phenol, Various alkyl phenols, and cresols have been separated from cracked distillates. 

Some columns support temperatures up to 450 °C (e.g. DEXSIL 400K or PETROCOLK ). A particular application for these columns is the simulated distillation of petroleum fractions. This is done instead of the conventional distillation which may take up to hundreds of hours to conduct (Fig. 2.8). 

A schematic for the fractional distillation of petroleum into its useful hydrocarbon components. 

Distillation of petroleum into fractions according to boiling point is carried out in the large towers of this refinery. 

Bumping the knocking against the walls of a still occurring during distillation of petroleum or a petroleum product which usually contains water. 

Carbon fibers are the most rigid and strongest of commonly used reinforcements. They are produced by the pyrolysis (high-temperature decomposition) of natural and synthetic materials, such as rayon, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and pitch (the tacky residue left from the distillation of petroleum or coal tar). Carbon fibers are commercially available in a variety of formats, including single strands and bundles (known as tows). They are midway in density between glass and polymer fibers and are the most expensive of commonly used reinforcements. 

Coke is also produced from petroleum, and it is the residue left by the destructive distillation of petroleum residua. 

Fractional distillation of petroleum separates petroleum into usable components like gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, etc. 

The composition of beeswax varies by insect species and by what the bees have been eating. Beeswax has a low melting point, and is often cast into useful or decorative shapes. Combined with resins, it was used as a water-proofing and adhesive. It has been used as a coating on paintings and furniture, to enhance the appearance of and to protect the surfaces from moisture. It was used as a water-repellent and adhesive in ships and boats. Beeswax has been applied to fabric, cordage, and hair to add luster and increase water-resistance, and as a base for cosmetic and medicinal creams and lotions. Beeswax was the primary and best available material for making candles until the invention of paraffin wax, which is a by-product of the distillation of petroleum. 

The distillate of petroleum ether, which contains ethanol and some ethyl pyruvate, can be recovered for another run by shaking with a little concentrated sulfuric acid. 

Distillation of petroleum separates alkanes into fractions with similar boiling points. These fractions are suited for different uses based on their physical properties, such as volatility and viscosity. 

VRDS [Vacuum Residua DeSulfurization] A general name for hydrotreating processes for removing sulfur from the residues from the vacuum distillation of petroleum residues. See also VRDS Isomax. 

Bitumen extracted by the fractional distillation of petroleum is used in asphalt roads. 

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