Dissolved organic carbon characterization

Corbett, J. I and P. S. Fischbeck (1997) Emissions from ships. Science 278, 823-824 Corbett, I J. and H. W. Koehler (2003) Updated emissions from ocean shipping. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, doi 10.1029/2003JD003751 Cossa, A. (1867) Ueber die Ozonometrie. Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie 6, 24-28 Cosovic, B., P. Orlovic Leko and Z. Kozarac (2007) Rainwater dissolved organic carbon characterization of surface active substances by electrochemical method. Electroanalysis 19, 2077-2084... 

Municipal landfill leachate typically contains dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations up to several thousand (typically >1700 ppm), even in a landfill that is decades old (Christensen et al. 1998). More than 200 organic compounds have been identified in municipal landfill leachate (Paxe us 2000). Therefore, an effective chemical characterization of landfill leachate by numerous analytical techniques requires a previous isolation procedure in order to remove possible interferences. In our previous study, we tested the advantage of the ultrafiltration... 

Christensen, J.B., Jensen, D.L., Gron, C., Filip, Z. et al. 1998. Characterization of the dissolved organic carbon in landfill leachate-polluted groundwanter. Water Research, 32, 125-135. 

Only 10% of the dissolved organic carbon in seawater has been characterized on a molecular level. About 5 to 23% of this DOC can be isolated from seawater by adsorption onto a nonionic macroporous resin fiallowed by elution with an alkaline solution. 

Ujiie et al. [204] fabricated quartz chips for NCE and reported the separation of rhodamine B and sulforhodamine at 14.4 and 66.6 cm separator lengths. The buffer was 20 mM phosphate buffer at 2kV applied voltage and the separation was achieved in 70 seconds. Wakida et al. [205] reported a high throughput characterization for dissolved organic carbon in environmental waters within 2 minutes using NCE. The authors collected water samples from 10 sampling points at the Hino River that flows into Lake Biwa. Shin et al. [206] described NCE (PDMS) with fluorescence detection for analyses of atrazine. 

Further detailed structural characterizations of dissolved organic carbon. 

Covert, J. S. and M. A. Moran. 2001. Molecular characterization of estuarine bacterial communities using high- and low-molecular weight fractions of dissolved organic carbon. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 25 127-139. 

Another common component in natural waters is the poorly characterized fraction referred to as dissolved organic carbon (DOC). As a mixture of compounds, there is no data on the reactions of either e aq or H-. The reaction of DOC with OH has been evaluated by Westerhoff et al. [42], and earlier by S. Peyton (Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Champaign, IL, personal communication). Because of the varied nature of DOC in various waters, it is likely that each source may have slightly... 

DOM is composed of small molecules that can be obtained by filtration. Quantification of organic matter in aquatic environment is performed by measuring the concentrations expressed in organic carbon. One measures total organic carbon (TOC) obtained from raw liquid sample, particulate organic carbon (POC) by analyzing the filter, and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) characterized from the sample after filtration. 

Solomon CM, Lessard EJ, Keil RG, Foy MS (2003) Characterization of extracellular polymers of Phaeocystis glob-osa and P. antarctica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 250 81-89 Sugimura Y, Suzuki Y (1988) A high temperature catalytic oxidation method for the determination of non-volatile dissolved organic carbon in seawater by direct injection of a liquid sample. Mar Chem 24 105-131 Sunda WG, Huntsman SA (1995) Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton. Mar Chem 50 189-206... 

Sorption. In aquifers characterized by low organic carbon content, most of the XOCs found in leachate plumes are only weakly attenuated by sorption. This applies to the aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and the polar compounds. Very few detailed sorption studies involving landfill leachate have been reported (Kjeldsen et al., 1990 Larsen et al., 1992). Preliminary evidence suggests that the presence of leachate, in particular in terms of dissolved organic carbon, does not affect the sorption of XOCs significantly and as such the traditional methods for estimating retardation in aquifers are valid. 

Aquatic suspended particles are usually characterized by a continuous particle size distribution. The distinction between particulate and dissolved compounds, conventionally made in the past by membrane filtration, does not consider organic and inorganic colloids appropriately. Colloids of iron(IIl) and manganese(III,IV) oxides, sulfur, and sulfides are often present as submicron particles that may not be retained by membrane filters (e.g., Buffle et al., 1992). Recent measurements in the ocean led to the conclusion that a significant portion of the operationally defined dissolved organic carbon may in fact be present in the form of colloid particles. 

Characterization of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Trace Elements... 

Wallis (1979) and Telang et al. (1981) measured dissolved organic carbon and humic substances in groundwater of the Marmot Creek system in Canada and found that humic substances were the dominant fraction of the dissolved organic carbon. Humic substances contributed approximately 900 Lig C/L and 90% of the dissolved organic carbon. No characterization of the humic material was done. 

Gloor, R., Leidner, H., Wuhrmann, K., and Fleischmann, T. H. (1981). Exclusion chromatography with carbon detection. A tool for further characterization of dissolved organic carbon. Water Res. 15, 457-462. 

Detailed characterization of dissolved organic carbon is difficult to make a large number of compounds have been detected, but only a small portion of the total DOC has been identified. Identified species include amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, phenols, and sterols. The amount of carbon in the oceans as DOC has been estimated as 1000 Pg and the amount present as particulate organic carbon as about 30 Pg (Mopper and Degens, 1979). 

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