Water samples collection

Water sample collection techniques differ depending on the source being tested. The minimum number of water samples collected from a distribution system which are examined each month for coliforms is a function of the population. For example, the minimum number required for populations of 1,000 and 100,000 are 2 and 100, respectively. To ascertain compliance with the bacteriological requirements of drinking water standards, a certain number of positive tests must not be exceeded. When 10-ml standard portions are examined, not more than 10 percent in any month should be positive (that is, the upper limit of coliform density is an average of one per 100 ml). 

J.D. Martin, Quality of Pesticide Data for Environmental Water Samples Collected for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 1992-96, and Examples of the Use of Quality-control Information in Water-quality Assessments. US Geological Survey, Washington, DC (1999). Also available on the World Wide Web http //ca.water.usgs. gov/pnsp/rep/qcsuiumary/, accessed August 2002. 

Americium has been identified in 25 groundwater samples but was not detected in any surface water samples collected from 1,585 NPL hazardous waste sites, where it was detected in some environmental media (HazDat 2001). 

Drinking water Sample collection on XAD-2 resin solvent extraction solvent exchange GC/NPD confirmation by GC/MS Low ppt >70 LeBel et al. 1981... 

Another source of acrylonitrile in water is leachate from chemical waste sites. Preliminary data from the Contact Laboratory Program (CLP) Statistical Database indicates that acrylonitrile has been detected in surface water samples collected at two of 862 hazardous-waste sites (including NPL and other sites) being investigated under Superfund. The median concentration of the positive samples was 100 pg/L (CLPSD 1988). Acrylonitrile was detected in 12 groundwater samples collected at 5 sites, also at a median concentration of 100 pg/L. 

DGGE Water samples collected from eight sites of three different lake zones and the Global Positioning System Microbial community composition and relationship between bacterial community structure and environmental factors [147]... 

Of the 22 pesticides analyzed in water, 21 were found to be present in some or all of the samples analyzed cyanazine was the only undetected compound. Figure 2 shows the concentration of individual and total pesticides and their frequency of detection in the water samples collected from each of the six sampling sites monitored. 

There is also a potential for release of endrin, endrin aldehyde, and endrin ketone to water from hazardous waste sites. Endrin has been detected in surface water samples collected at 10 of the 102 NPL sites, in groundwater samples collected at 37 of the 102 NPL sites, and in leachate samples collected at 2 of the 102 NPL sites where endrin has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). Endrin ketone has been detected in surface water samples collected at 5 of the 37 NPL sites, in groundwater samples collected at 16 of the 37 NPL sites, and in leachate samples collected at 2 of the 37 NPL sites where endrin ketone has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). No information was found on detections of endrin aldehyde in surface water, groundwater, or leachates at any NPL hazardous waste site (HazDat 1996)... 

No information was found in the available literature on levels of endrin aldehyde or endrin ketone in surface or groundwater. Endrin ketone has been detected in surface water samples collected at 5 of the 37 NPL sites, in groundwater samples collected at 16 of the 37 NPL sites, and in leachate samples collected at 2 of the 37 NPL sites where endrin ketone has been detected in some environmental medium however, concentrations were not reported (HazDat 1996). 

Environmental detections of benzalkonium chlorides BAC homologue concentrations in wastewater samples collected from various WWTPs across the US were determined by on-line SPE-LC-ESI-MS (Table 2.12.4) [23,41], Concentration levels of BAC detected in effluents of WWTPs reached maximum levels of 36.6 xgL 1 and in surface-water samples collected downstream from different WWTP discharges detected concentrations ranged from 1.2 to 2.4 pig L 1, thus indicating its input and persistence through the wastewater treatment process. 

Chemical analysis of water samples collected from monitoring wells and adjacent ditches was performed for BTEX, total organic carbon (TOC), chromium, and lead. Results of analysis presented a complicated chemical distribution in a dynamic... 

The solubility of chlordecone in water is low (1--3 mg/L) and as with mirex, contamination is more likely to be associated with the particulate matter in the water rather than the water itself. Chlordecone was detected primarily in water samples collected in and around the production facility site in Hopewell, Virginia, and in adjacent waters of the James River estuary. Effluent from the Life Sciences Products Company facility contained 0.1 —1.0 mg/L (ppm) chlordecone, while water in holding ponds at the site contained 2--3 mg/L (ppm) chlordecone (Epstein 1978). Levels of chlordecone in river water in August 1975 ranged from not detectable (<50 ng/L [ppt]) in the York River and Swift Creek areas, to levels of 1--4 pg/L (ppb) in Bailey Creek which received direct effluent discharges from the Hopewell Sewage Treatment Plant. Water concentrations of up to 0.3 p g/L (ppb) were detected in the James River at the mouth of Bailey Creek and in the Appomattox... 

Di-/ -octylphthalatc was detected in 4% of the urban runoff samples collected from a total of 15 cities. Di-ra-octylphthalate was detected at three cities at concentrations of 0.4-1 pg/L (Cole et al. 1984). The compound was found in water samples collected at four locations along the entire length of the Mississippi River at concentrations of 24-310 ng/L (DeLeon et al. 1986). At the Butler Mine Tunnel NPL Site located in Pittston, Pennsylvania, di-n-octylphthalate was detected in on-site oil/groundwater samples at concentrations of 110-792,000 ppb (ATSDR 1989b). Di-n-octylphthalate was detected at a concentration of 1 ppb in a water sample collected from the discharge pond of a phthalate ester plant located on the Chester River in Maryland (Peterson and Freeman 1984). Di-n-octylphthalate was found at 0.001-0.02 ppm in water samples taken from a river that received industrial waste water from a specialty chemical manufacturing plant (Jungclaus et al. 1978). 

Allen SK, Allen CW. 1997. Phenol concentrations in air and rain water samples collected near a wood preserving facility. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 59 702-707. 

Class and Ballschmitter (1988) suggested that brown algae may be the source of the <0.01-0.03 ppt of 1,2-dibromoethane found in the marine water samples collected from the North and South Atlantic Oceans. 

Heptachlor has been detected in an estimated 1.4% of the groundwater samples taken at NPL hazardous waste sites included in EPA s Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) at an estimated geometric mean concentration of 0.78 ppb for the positive samples (CLPSD 1989). The compound was not listed in the CLP Statistical Database (CLPSD) of chemicals detected in surface water samples collected at NPL sites. Heptachlor epoxide was not listed in the CLPSD of chemicals detected in groundwater or surface water samples collected at NPL sites. Note that the information from the CLPSD includes data from NPL sites only. 

When an aqueous solution of aldrin (0.07 M) in natural water samples collected from California and Hawaii were irradiated (7, <220 nm) for 36 h, 25% was photooxidized to dieldrin. By comparison, no loss was reported when aldrin in deionized water was subject to UV light for 10 h. 

Those field studies that include water samples collected during winter months all show undetectable tamarensis concentrations (5, 18, 21). Given the relatively small volumes of water typically collected and counted, this does not preclude the presence of a few cells (the "hidden flora"), but it does indicate that motile populations are extremely small at best. Furthermore, since the growth rate of tamarensis is essentially zero at very low temperatures, the appearance of even a few hundred cells in early spring when waters are still very cold suggests that it is excystment and not division of surviving motile cells that initiates the bloom development. 

Water samples collected immediately outside the diked bog area contained a maximum of 29.1 ppb diazinon, but concentrations were usually <10 ppb. Tributary water 100 m downstream from the cranberry bog site contained a maximum diazinon residue of 2.8 ppb. 

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