Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide

Historically the outstanding paper is that of Kunerth/ who cited data (CO2) by Just/ Table 8 shows the Na values for these gases in a number of liquids, and Fig. 63 shows the R-line diagram for carbon dioxide. That for nitrous oxide would be 

This form is the Ostwald coefficient, except the Pa is not precisely specified. In every example, the solubility decreased with rise in temperature. Kunerth concluded that Raoult s law rarely, if ever, holds for gases dissolved in liquids. Furthermore, he could see little, if any, correlation between solubility and the difference in internal pressures of the solute and solvent, and therefore he did not accept Hildebrand s conclusion. 

Two papers by Yen and McKetta (1962) - are relevant here. One is on the solubility of nitrous oxide in some nonpolar solvents (see Table 9). Values of Na were given for Pa = 1 atm and t°C from -10 to 40°C. The figures interpolated for 25°C were deemed to fit Kobatake and HildebrandV plot of log Na vs solubility parameters of the solvents, Sj. The JVa values were also deemed to fit the linear plot of logNA vs the Lennard-Jones force constant e fc. Hildebrand, in his highly significant paper of 1967, appeared to discard the force constant for this purpose. 

Yen and McKetta called N2O weakly polar with a dipole moment of 0.17 Debye units. Their second paper was on a thermodynamic correlation of nonpolar gas solubilities in polar, nonassodated liquids and is a mathematically based approach. The only point to be mentioned here is that of terminology with reference to polar and nonpolar.  

Dim and colleagues (1971) reported work on the diffusion of carbon dioxide into primary alcohols and methylcellulose ether solutions. Their solubility data for three alcohols were expressed as g-mole/cm x 10, and I now show the effect of the molecular weight and density of S in converting such data into mole ratio Xa and mole fraction Na- I also give the values for propane. We see further indication of a grouping of normal alcohols on the left of the R-line, with Na increasing as the series is ascended. 

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Margottin-Maclou M, Doyennette L and Henry L 1971 Relaxation of vibrational energy in carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide App/. Opt. 10 1768-80... 

Considerable developmental effort is being devoted to aerosol formulations using the compressed gases given in Table 4. These propellants are used in some food and industrial aerosols. Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, which tend to be more soluble, are often preferred. When some of the compressed gas dissolves in the product concentrate, there is partial replenishment of the headspace as the gas is expelled. Hence, the greater the gas solubiUty, the more gas is available to maintain the initial conditions. 

Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability to absorb heat in the atmosphere. HFCs and PFCs are the most heat-absorbent. Methane traps over 21 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide absorbs 270 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide. Often, estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are presented in units of millions of metric tons of carbon equivalents (MMTCE), which weighs each gas by its GWP value, that is, Global Warming Potential. 

This presentation covers some of the basic data and derived results are discussed. The gases species of oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide have been measured for all the tests. In the full scale fire tests hydrogen chloride and hydrogen cyanides were measured. Hydrocarbons and their relative abundance were determined by collecting gas samples on absorbent tubes for later analysis on a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer. 

Markham, A.E. Kobe, K.A. "Solubility of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide in Salt Solutions," J. Amer. Chem. Soc.,... 

Magnesium also reduces nonmetallic oxides, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide, burning at elevated temperatures. 

Tamimi K., Rinker E.B., and Sandall O.C. (1994) Diffusion coefficients for hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide in water over the temperature range of 293-368 K. /. Chem. Eng. Data 39, 330-332. 

The use of ethyl nitrate as a component of rocket fuel involves the problem of thermal decomposition. Levy [16] has studied the decomposition of ethyl nitrate in the gaseous phase, in the temperature range 161 and 201°C under a pressure of a few centimeters of mercury. He found that ethyl nitrite is the main decomposition product. By-products include methyl nitrite, nitromethane, nitrogen dioxide and nitrous oxide. 

L. B. Richardson and J. C. Woodhouse studied the absorption of mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide by charcoal S. J. Gregg, the heat of adsorption D. H. Bangham and F. P. Burt, the adsorption of nitrous oxide by glass and W. A. Patrick and co-workers, by silica gel near the critical temp, of the gas. 

A supercritical fluid is defined as a substance that is above its critical temperature and pressure. It exhibits remarkable liquid-like solvent properties and, therefore, high extraction efficiency. Such common gases as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide have been successfully employed as supercritical fluids in the extraction of organics from solid matrices. The solid sample is placed in an extraction vessel into which the pressurized supercritical fluid is pumped. The organic analytes dissolve in the supercritical fluid and are swept out of the extraction chamber... 

Hill, D. W., Newell, H. A. The variation with polarising voltage of the response to methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide of a macro-argon ionisation detector for gas chromatography. J. Chromatog. 32, 737 (1968). 

Anonym Determination of nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitrous oxide. Chem. 

DeGrazio, R. P. The resolution of mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide by gas solid chromatography. J. Gas Chromatog. 3, 204 (1965). 

Jeffery, P.-G., Kipping, P. J. The determination of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in solutions of monoethanolamine. Analyst 87, 594 (1962). 

Coan, C.R. and A.D. King. 1971. Solubility of water in compressed carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and ethane. Evidence for hydration of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in the gas phase. /. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 1857-1862. 

Combustion of fuels produces and releases pollutants such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Air pollutants are also released by some household products—for instance, paints, paint strippers, solvents, wood preservatives, aerosol sprays, cleansers and disinfectants, moth repellents, stored fuels, and automotive products. 

Weiss, R. F., Van Woy, F. A., and Salameh, P. K. (1992). Surface water and atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide observations by shipboard automated gas chromatography Results from expeditions between 1977 and 1990. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 

Nitrogen and other compressed gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are used as propellants for topical pharmaceutical aerosols. They are also used in other aerosol products that work satisfactorily with the coarse aerosol spray produced with compressed gases, e.g. furniture polish and window cleaner. Nitrogen is insoluble in water and other solvents, and therefore remains separated from the actual pharmaceutical formulation. 

The common mode of exposure to tamoxifen is through ingestion. It is available in oral dosage form (10 and 20 mg tablets) and may also be inhaled. Vapors may produce explosive dust clouds. Hazardous products include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide. 

A compressed gas used to expel the contents of containers in the form of aerosols. Chlorofluorocarbons were once widely used because of their nonflammability. The strong possibility that they contribute to depletion of the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere has resulted in prohibition of their use for this purpose. Other propellants used are hydrocarbon gases, such as butane and propane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide. The materials dispersed include insecticides, shaving cream, whipping cream,andcosmeticpreparations. See ozone (note). 

Subra P, Castellani S, Ksibi H, Garrabos Y. Contribution to the determination of the solubility of p-carotene in supercritical carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide experimental data and modeling. Fluid Phase Equilibria 1997 131 269. 

UV and fluorescence detectors can be used for SFC. Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide have made possible the use of conventional GC flame detectors (24). Based on studies of aliphatic fraction of a solvent refined coal product with supercritical CO2 at 40 C and conventional FID detection, it was concluded... 

The majority of work done with HPLC detectors (i.e., UV-absorption and fluorescence) has been accomplished using n-pentane as the mobile phase. Several other mobile phases are currently under Investigation (isobutane, n-butane, benzene, methanol, isopropanol, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide). 

Most of the work to date has been done using relatively few mobile phases (n-pentane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide). Future efforts are needed to explore the use of other more polar and/or mixed mobile phases. Furthermore, column surface deactivation has become more important as emphasis has focussed more on the analysis of polar and trace compounds. The greatly increasing... 

Sheremata TW and Hawari J, Mineralization of RDX by white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3384, 2000. 

The compressed gases used today include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide. The liquefied gases that once were used include the Freons and Gentrons , which were fluorinated chlorinated hydrocarbons. Today most of these products have been replaced by chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are predominantly inert. 

The displacing effect observed in mixtures is not identical at all pressures. Lorenz and Wiedbrauck,16 in studying adsorption of mixtures of ethylene and carbon dioxide, found the adsorption of ethylene to be greater than that of carbon dioxide at low pressures, whereas at higher pressures this is reversed.17 Richardson and Wood-house18 observed that at 2870 millimeters pressure, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are adsorbed in almost equal volumes whereas at 72 millimeters pressure, two-thirds of the adsorbed gas is nitrous oxide. 

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