Digital Equipment Corporation computers

For example, there are numerous military and defense-related systems, including administrative systems which assist in formulation of acquisition strategies and the development of relevant documents, battle strategy systems, and hardware maintenance advisors. Other successful administrative applications include a system used by the IRS for selection of audit candidate tax returns, and a credit evaluation system used by American Express. Successful systems in engineering areas include the XCON system which assists in configuration design of DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) computer... 

Several exciting technical advances fostered the improved environment for computer use at pharmaceutical companies in the 1980s. The first was a development of the VAX 11/780 computer by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1979. The machine was departmental size, that is, the price, dimen-... 

In both instances Bos employed a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11 computer on-line with a Radiometer polarographic stand with drop-life timer, a three-electrode system (DME, reference and Hg pool), two A/D and three D/A converters, together with a DEC writer and a recorder. For the "computer polarograph he used a Radiometer P04 polarograph and an external clock, and the computer had to perform the following functions ... 

The path taken when the search is started at k. = 0.5/min and k.sO.5 4/mol/min is shown in Figure 3. This search begins on a steeper slope and the function, in this case, spirals in on the minimum value. Again the correct values of k. s 1.0/min and k = 1.0 ,/mol/min are found. Total computer time for this analysis averaged 3-5 minutes with a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/44 minicomputer. 

Elllpsometry. The automated ellipsometer is essentially equivalent to that described by Hauge and Dill ( 9). Data acquisition and analysis was made through the use of a Digital Equipment Corporation MINC 11/23 computing system. The detailed description of the system was reported previously ( 8). The measured ellipsometric angles and 4 are converted into the... 

Computer Hardware. The use of a computer for data acquisition and control is mandatory because of the clock frequency used by the Reticon array (20 kHz) and the volume of data that it is capable of outputting. A PDP-8e computer made by Digital Equipment Corporation, with 12 K words of memory was employed. 

International cooperation had become the rule in universities and research institutions. Computers became cheaper so that it became possible to purchase minicomputers such as VAX 11/780 (Digital Equipment Corporation), Perkin-Elmer 8/32, or Convex C220 for dedicated purposes. For a number of theoretical chemistry groups, this helped them to become independent of the long queue of users at their university central computer. In addition, access over a network to machines at a remote site became realistic, even if it was only via a 1200-baud special telephone line. For these reasons the... 

GT42MON GT-40 series terminal monitor program controls communication between graphics terminal and host computer. Based on software developed by Digital Equipment Corporation ... 

The Thermal Analyzer was interfaced directly to a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 1134 minicomputer Q 2)- This computer performed real time data collection during the run and did the subsequent data analysis and plotting. The data analysis included transformations of the data contained in the exothermic reaction peak to provide information about kinetic parameters. 

Corey and Wipke devised a program, which they called OCSS, to run on a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-1 computer. This computer was chosen because computing costs were low on it, allowing the computing facility to be used interactively for both adequate and convenient periods of time (about an hour at a time).- ... 

Until 1978, the realm of computational chemistry was limited to those who had sufficient access to mainframe computers. In 1978, however, the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduced the VAX 11/780 minicomputer. These computers were smaller, cheaper, and easier to use than the older mainframes, and these traits meant that more institutions than ever before could afford to own them, which in turn meant that more chemists than ever before had access to computational facilities. As Richard Counts, the director... 

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduced a sophisticated minicomputer, the VAX 11/780, in the mid- to late-1970s. At prices of 300 k USD (and up), machines could be acquired that were as fast as 1960s multi-million dollar mainframes. Double precision meant 64-bit words, and multiple external disk drives could be added to provide hundreds of MB of storage. DEC was not the only producer of minicomputers, and before long, with different vendors and models, their use for computational chemistry became fairly widespread. 

All computer programs were written In FORTRAN using a Digital Equipment Corporation (Maynard, Mass.) VAX 11/780. All calculations were made using the revised version of a previously described program (22). 

The interface to both the structure editing and the Tektronix 4010 emulator portions was designed to be controlled solely by the host mainframe computer using escape character sequences The choice of characters was made so as to avoid conflicts with either the Digital Equipment Corporation VTIOO (since it was anticipated that emulation of the VTIOO was a future possibility) or the Tektronix 4010 escape and control sequences ... 

Network protocols are standards that define how computers communicate. A typical protocol defines how computers should identify one another on a network, the form that the data should take in transit and how this information should be processed once it reaches its final destination. Protocols also define procedures for handling lost or damaged transmissions. Transmissions are sometimes described as "packets" of information. The most common network protocols include TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), IPX (Internet Packet Exchange), AppleTalk, and DECnet (Digital Equipment Corporation network). 

In the area of computer hardware and operating systems the chemical/pharmaceutical industry increased its use of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX computers with the VMS operating system, increased its use of IBM PC computers, and began to talk about more exotic workstations and parallel processors. 

The computational facilities at the NATO ASI were composed of a cluster of two Digital Equipment Corporation Vax Station 3100 s under VMS, together with one Convex C120 superminicomputer under Convex/05 (Unix). Two terminals were attached to the Vax cluster, fourteen to the Convex, and three printers were available to obtain hardcopy results. 

In the 1960 s, Edward Feigenbaum and other scientists at Stanford University built two early expert systems DENDRAL, which classified chemicals, and MYCIN, which identified diseases. These early expert systems were cumbersome to modify because they had hard-coded rules. By 1970, the OPS expert system shell, with variable rule sets, had been released by Digital Equipment Corporation as the first commercial expert system shell. In addition to expert systems, neural networks became an important area of artificial intelligence in the 1970 s and 1980 s. Frank Rosenblatt introduced the Perceptron in 1957, but it was Perceptrons An Introduction to Computational Geometry (1969), by Minsky and Seymour Papert, and the two-volume Parallel Distributed Processing Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition (1986),... 

Digital Equipment Corporation s XCON, short for eXpert CONfigurer, was used in house in 1980 to configure VAX computers and later became the first commercial expert system. 

Minicomputer (Ken Olsen) Perhaps the first true minicomputer, the PDP-8 is released by Digital Equipment Corporation. Founder Olsen makes computers affordable for small businesses. 

There are debates as to which computer was the first minicomputer, but many credit Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), for many years the largest company in the minicomputer field, wifh fhe introduction of the first commercial minicomputer in 1959-1960, the PDP-1, a second-... 

In the 1970s and 80s, computers such as PDP-8, PDP-11, and VAX from the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), or other manufacturers such as Honeywell, became widespread in industry. These were generally known as minicomputers (to differentiate them from the older, larger mainframe computers) although they were still each the size of a large cupboard. (DEC was acquired in 1998 by Compaq. Compaq merged in 2002 with Hewlett-Packard.)... 

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