Computer Digital Equipment

Apple Computer Digital Equipment Hewlett-Packard IBM... 

Lower current-rate portable computers and other portable digital equipment... 

Several exciting technical advances fostered the improved environment for computer use at pharmaceutical companies in the 1980s. The first was a development of the VAX 11/780 computer by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1979. The machine was departmental size, that is, the price, dimen-... 

In both instances Bos employed a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11 computer on-line with a Radiometer polarographic stand with drop-life timer, a three-electrode system (DME, reference and Hg pool), two A/D and three D/A converters, together with a DEC writer and a recorder. For the "computer polarograph he used a Radiometer P04 polarograph and an external clock, and the computer had to perform the following functions ... 

The path taken when the search is started at k. = 0.5/min and k.sO.5 4/mol/min is shown in Figure 3. This search begins on a steeper slope and the function, in this case, spirals in on the minimum value. Again the correct values of k. s 1.0/min and k = 1.0 ,/mol/min are found. Total computer time for this analysis averaged 3-5 minutes with a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/44 minicomputer. 

Elllpsometry. The automated ellipsometer is essentially equivalent to that described by Hauge and Dill ( 9). Data acquisition and analysis was made through the use of a Digital Equipment Corporation MINC 11/23 computing system. The detailed description of the system was reported previously ( 8). The measured ellipsometric angles and 4 are converted into the... 

Figure 3 provides a sample session with MR3LJOQ ESP. The controlling code is written in Prolog, while numerically oriented, analytical procedures for classification are written in Fortran-77, xhe system has been written to run under Data General s ADS/VS operating system (MV series computers) but it is expected to be easily ported to the Digital Equipment VAX VMS environment. 

II III were not published at the time of writing this Section 25) Anon, "Computers Analytical Role Extended , C EN, March 18, 1968, pp 44, 48, 52 54 [At the exhibit of the "1968 Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy , held in Cleveland, Ohio (See C EN, March 11, 1968, plO) were shown the computers of DEC (Digital Equipment Corp) and of IBM (International Business Machine Corporation). The DEC exhibited "Gas Chrom-8 Computer system for gas chromatography and IBM-Model 1800 and 1130. There were also exhibited other systems, among them smaller inexpensive computers. There were also shown slides on results of work with computers done by S. Sasaki H. Abe of Japan s Tohoku University and by T. Kato of Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Co, Ltd 26) Jack Alster, Picatinny Arsenal private communication,... 

Numerical analysis is important in digital-computer work from another viewpoint. Sometimes it is necessary to express complex functional relationships in a simpler form. Occasionally relationships may be given in a graphical or tabular form not directly suitable for processing on digital equipment. In these situations numerical methods for curve fitting and interpolation are techniques which will necessarily be employed. 

All work reported in this paper has been performed on a Bruker 200D ESR Spectrometer interfaced with a Digital Equipment PDP11/34 computer with an AK/11 A/D converter. ESR studies using these facilities can provide information on a) Concentration of total radical species... 

In the event that current integration equipment is not available, it is still possible to conduct a quality coulometry experiment by observing the decay of the electrolysis current with time as suggested by MacNevin and Baker [71]. The electrolysis current can be monitored by using a simple strip-chart recorder or a personal computer (PC) equipped with a simple analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion board. Equation 3.49 can be rewritten as... 

Though unstable, the computer industry grew rapidly during the 1960s, and the final piece of the computer development puzzle, time-sharing, came about late in the decade. Efforts to develop and commercialize time-shared computers were led by General Electric s computer department, which was quickly overtaken by IBM, UNIVAC, and Digital Equipment Corp. 

Computer Hardware. The use of a computer for data acquisition and control is mandatory because of the clock frequency used by the Reticon array (20 kHz) and the volume of data that it is capable of outputting. A PDP-8e computer made by Digital Equipment Corporation, with 12 K words of memory was employed. 

Fig. 4. Two generations of laboratory computers on the left, the LINC from 1962 and on the right the MINC from 1978. Although the M1NC is about a quarter of the size of the LINC it contains sixteen times as much memory, as well as a far more powerful processor. (Reproduced by courtesy of Digital Equipment Co.)...

International cooperation had become the rule in universities and research institutions. Computers became cheaper so that it became possible to purchase minicomputers such as VAX 11/780 (Digital Equipment Corporation), Perkin-Elmer 8/32, or Convex C220 for dedicated purposes. For a number of theoretical chemistry groups, this helped them to become independent of the long queue of users at their university central computer. In addition, access over a network to machines at a remote site became realistic, even if it was only via a 1200-baud special telephone line. For these reasons the... 

The computer system used for this purpose is a Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) MINC laboratory data acquisition system consisting of the following components ... 

A microcomputer (Digital Equipment Co. MINC 23 and VT105 CRT terminal) controls the experiment and processes the data (ID). The CL experimental variables, photon counts per second, sample temperature, stress, and strain, are monitored continuously by the computer and recorded at selected time intervals for closed-loop control of the CL experiment and subsequent off-line storage on flexible disk. 

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