Different Fields of Application

For coal there are at least three large fields of apphcation  

Burning coal generates about 40% of the electricity in the world. Coke is produced by pyrolysis of coal - heating in the absence of aii Coke contains 90-95% carbon, the rest being ash. It was once very much used as a fuel for heating houses but has now been replaced by oil, gas and electricity. In the blast furnaces used for the production of raw iron, coke is indispensable. It works both as a means of reduction and as a heat generator. The high content of carbon in the raw iron also comes from the coke. 

Czech Republic, has been reduced considerably due to environmental problems. China and the USA are now the largest producers in the world, and account for 30% each of the total world production. 

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The book is addressed to a wide circle of chemistry, physics, and biology reading public. From the first line itself, this is the book for scientists interested in the syntheses, characterization, and different fields of application of nanosized species. 

The goal of this book is to focus on the different fields of application of this technology in different aspects of organic synthesis. The chapters, which complement each other, were written by the most eminent scientists well-recognized in their own field. 

Analysis of substances of abuse involves different fields of application including diagnosis of acute/ lethal intoxication, differentiation between chronic and occasional substance abuse (as it may imply different legal consequences for the substance abuser), enforcement of drug traffic safety (driving under influence), and the identification of the source of origin of illicit drugs. 

Engstrom and Carlsson already introduced in 1983 an SLPT [119] for the characterisation of MIS structures, which was extended to chemical gas sensors by Lundstrom et al. [26]. Both SLPT and LAPS base upon the same technique and principle. However, due to the different fields of applications in history, one refers to LAPS for chemical sensors in electrolyte solutions and for biosensors, and the SLPT for gas sensors. A description of the development of a hydrogen sensor based on catalytic field-effect devices including the SLP technique can be found, e.g., in Refs. [120,121]. The SPLT consists of a metal surface as sensitive material which is heated by, for instance, underlying resistive heaters to a specific working-point temperature, and a prober tip replaces the reference electrode (see Fig. 5.10). 

The use of supported ionic liquid membranes in different fields of application has received growing attention during last decade. One of the most studied applications of SILMs is the selective separation of organic compounds. The first example was reported by Branco et al. [18], who studied the selective transport of 1,4-dioxane,... 

As has already been noted by Haruta [14] the tunable reactivity of gold catalysts by controlling the particle size, the type of support and the different preparation methods widens the potential of such catalysts in different fields of applications. 

For poly(ester-imide)s more uses were known, and patents claiming very different fields of applications have been filed. 

In the modern world, colloidal silica powders and sols have different fields of application, with a few overlapping areas. As modern technology develops, new opportunities for silica proliferate, and new uses are constantly replacing the classic applications soon to become overshadowed by even newer uses. 

Summary. Table XI is an estimation of the consumption figures for the different fields of application. These values were based on the 1 million metric tons per year for 1990 (Table II). At the same time, an attempt was made to weight these values in such a way as to express the importance of the respective SAS types. 

We have detailed the different fields of application in the case of EXAFS because this technique is now routinely used. This is not yet the case of XANES though there is a growing interest in this field. The reason for this delay may be that, until recently, there was no general theory to explain the phenomenon and to allow accurate modelization. Anyhow, the literature gives some examples in the same fields as EXAFS. We selected three of them to illustrate the potentialities of the method. 

Newly developing fields of science are organized according to universally recognized classifications using well-defined terms to describe the fundamentals, correlations, equipment, procedures, and processes. This is not the case for those technologies that were known for centuries and have been developed empirically and independently for different applications (see also Chapters 2 and 3). In such cases the same process, procedure, activity or piece of equipment may have different names in different industries or the same term may have different meanings in different fields of application. 

Robotics Is currently one of the priority topics [1-3] In research and development strategies In advanced scientific communities, so much so that there are already some organizations, such as the Robot Institute of America and the British Robot Association, specifically devoted to this subject. Nevertheless, the prospects for the use of robots In different fields of application greatly surpass their present achievements. 

Modern analytical chemistry, especially for trace analysis, is mainly dependent on physical techniques (Broekaert and Tdig, 1987). For inorganic trace element analysis several different methods exist such as activation analysis, x-ray fluorescence, mass spectrometry, electrochemical methods and the different techniques in atomic spectrometry. There is no universal analytical method which is able to solve all the analytical problems in the different fields of application. 

FIGURE 1. Distribution of the different fields of application of image-recording processes. 

Poly(thioether)s should not be confused with poly(sulfide)s, in that the term poly refers directly to the sulfide linkage, i.e., —Sn—, but at the same time to a polymer. These types of polymers are used in a completely different field of application, e.g., additives for elastomers, antioxidants for lubricating oils, intermediates for the production of organic chemicals, insecticides, germicides, and as an additive to diesel fuels to improve the octane number and ignition qualities of these fuels. These polymeric types are not dealt with in this chapter. 

Laminar flow breakup is the general term for a number of processes that base on the same theoretical background, but lead to different apparatus and units, with different fields of applications and scalability. 

To date, different fields of application have been tested. These include polyuretiiane foams (by opening the oxirane ring with polyols) (16-17) detergents (18-20), or products for other industrial sectors (21). The possibility of further functionalization of these ring-opened derivatives from epoxidized esters leads to a large array of possible investigations in the future. 

The different fields of application have demonstrated the advantages of the new ESR-electrochemical cell for simultaneous studies in radical formation and reaction at solid electrodes as well as in studies of polymer modified electrodes. 

Use and Environmental Relevance of Surfactants in Different Fields of Application. 

USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELEVANCE OF SURFACTANTS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF APPLICATION... 

Surfactants with different chemical structures and specific properties are used world-wide in different fields of application. Figure 22.1 represents an overview of the percentage of the applied amounts in the relevant fields. The main share (42%) is used for washing and... 

Figure 22.1. Percentage of surfactant amounts in different fields of application in Western Europe...

The principle of odor determination in different fields of application has been discussed in detail by Moy and Collins and Schulz. ... 

LC/NMR is often used within multi-hyphenated systems in different fields of application, especially LC/NMR/MS. In this case, MS is used as an efficient and selective detection method to trigger NMR experiments only on the peaks of interest, which render the targeted measurement extremely valuable. 

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