Esters epoxidation

Compound types Aromatics Olefins Alcohols Nitriles Acids CHC12 CC13 CH2C1 NO, Diols Ketones Ethers Aldehydes N(Me), Esters Epoxides Nitromethane Nitrogroups Pyridine Dioxane Aromatic bases... 

Lithium aluminum hydride Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, epoxides. 

An important factor in all these experiments is the choice of bead used to immobilize the probe. Biochemists have considered cross-linked agarose beads to be exceptionally hydrophilic with a low tendency to bind proteins nonspecifically, and these beads have the further attraction of being commercially available in activated forms (succinimidyl esters, epoxides, and maleimides, for example). However, early trials of bead-based chemical proteomics have shown that many proteins in mammalian cell lysates bind tenaciously to agarose beads. This was unimportant in many studies in which protein-protein interactions were detected by coimmunoprecipitation with immunochemical... 

The diazeniumdiolate anions react with electrophiles to produce stable covalent compounds (Fig. 3.9) [213, 216]. These compounds have the ability to act as prodrugs, releasing nitric oxide only when metabolically or enzymatically converted to the diazeniumdiolate anion [217-219]. Several compounds ofthis class have been synthesized by reaction of alkyl or aryl halides, sulfate esters, epoxides, etc. with the ionic diazeniumdiolates [220, 221]. 

The use of chiral shift reagents, e.g. tris-[3-(trifluoromethyl)- or -(hepta-fluoropropyl)-hydroxymethylene)-d-camphorato)]europium, praseodymium, or ytterbium, in the determination of optical purities of chiral alcohols, ketones, esters, epoxides, amines, or sulphoxides, or in the separation of n.m.r. signals of internally enantiotopic protons e.g. PhCHjOH), has been described. 

Essential oils may comprise volatile compounds of terpenoid or non-terpe-noid origin. All of them are hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives. Some may also contain nitrogen or sulphur derivatives. They may exist in the form of alcohols, acids, esters, epoxides, aldehydes, ketones, amines, sulphides, etc. Monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and even diterpenes constitute the composition of many essential oils. In addition, phenylpropanoids, fatty acids and their esters, or their decomposition products are also encountered as volatiles [1-16, 21-33, 36-38]. 

Epoxidized Tall Oil, Octyl Ester Epoxidized Vegetable Oils... 

Swain, C. G., and C. B. Scott, Quantitative correlation of relative rates. Comparison of hydroxide ion with other nucleophilic reagents toward alkyl halides, esters, epoxides, and acyl halides , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 141-147 (1953). 

Ti, Al-MCM-41 Ti-BEA Linalool Furan and pyran hydroxy esters Epoxidation + ring closure 80 >99 MeCN solvent TBHP/linalool = 1.1 1 bar 353 K 24 h glass batch reactor [24]... 

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, along with hydrolysis and acid-base reactions, account for the vast majority of chemical reactions that occur in aquatic environmental systems. Factors that affect redox kinetics include environmental redox conditions, ionic strength, pH-value, temperature, speciation, and sorption (Tratnyek and Macalady, 2000). Sediment and particulate matter in water bodies may influence greatly the efficacy of abiotic transformations by altering the truly dissolved (i.e., non-sorbed) fraction of the compounds — the only fraction available for reactions (Weber and Wolfe, 1987). Among the possible abiotic transformation pathways, hydrolysis has received the most attention, though only some compound classes are potentially hydrolyzable (e.g., alkyl halides, amides, amines, carbamates, esters, epoxides, and nitriles [Harris, 1990 Peijnenburg, 1991]). Current efforts to incorporate reaction kinetics and pathways for reductive transformations into environmental exposure models are due to the fact that many of them result in reaction products that may be of more concern than the parent compounds (Tratnyek et al., 2003). 

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